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| Industry | Automotive |
|---|---|
| Founded |
|
| Founder | George N. Pierce |
| Defunct | 1938 |
| Headquarters | , United States |
| Products | Motor vehicles Automotive parts |
ThePierce-Arrow Motor Car Company was an Americanmotor vehicle manufacturer based inBuffalo, New York, active from 1901 to 1938. Although best known for its expensiveluxury cars, Pierce-Arrow also manufactured commercialtrucks,fire trucks, boats, camp trailers,motorcycles, andbicycles.[1]
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The forerunner of Pierce-Arrow was established in 1865 as Heinz, Pierce and Munschauer. The company was best known for its household items, especially its delicate, gilded birdcages.[2] In 1872, George Norman Pierce bought out the other two principals of the company, changed the name to the George N. Pierce Company, and in 1896, added bicycles to the product line. The company failed in its attempt to build a steam-powered car in 1900 under license fromOverman, but by 1901, had built its first single-cylinder, two-speed, no-reverseMotorette.[3] In 1903, it produced a two-cylinder car, theArrow.
In 1904, Pierce decided to concentrate on making a larger, more luxurious car for the upscale market, theGreat Arrow. This became the company's most successful product. The solidly built, four-cylinder car won theGlidden Tour in 1905, an endurance run to determine and celebrate the most reliable car. Thirty-three cars entered the 350-mile race from New York City to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire; the race was won by Percy Pierce in aGreat Arrow.[4]
The noted industrial architectAlbert Kahn designed thePierce Arrow Factory Complex at Elmwood Avenue and Great Arrow Avenue in about 1906. It was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 1974.[5] George Pierce sold all rights in the company in 1907, and he died three years later. In 1908, Pierce Motor Company was renamed as the Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company.
In 1909,U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft ordered two Pierce-Arrows (and twoWhite Model M Tourers) to be used for state occasions, the first official cars of theWhite House.
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The Pierce-Arrow's engine displacement started at 453 cu in (7.4 L), continuing to a massive 11.7 L (714.0 cu in) and was increased later to 5 inch bore and 7 inch stroke for 13.52 L (825.0 cu in), at the time making it by far the largestOtto engine offered in any production automobile in the world.[6] In 1910, Pierce dropped its other 4-cylinder models and focused exclusively on 6-cylinder cars until 1929. The model 6-36, 6-48, and 6-66 continued for the next decade.[7] Starting in 1918, Pierce-Arrow adopted a four-valve per cylinderT-head inline-six engine (Dual Valve Six) and three spark plugs per cylinder, one of the few, if only, multi-valveflathead design engines ever made. The company did not introduce an 8-cylinder engine until the 1929 Model 126, and a V-12 engine was offered in 1931 until the company closed in 1938.
In 1910, George Pierce died. In 1912,Herbert M. Dawley (later a Broadway actor-director) joined Pierce-Arrow, and he designed almost every model until 1938.[8] Until 1914, Pierce-Arrow also made a line ofmotorcycles, including thePierce Four.
In 1914, Pierce-Arrow adopted its most enduring styling hallmark when itsheadlights were moved from a traditional placement at the radiator's sides, into flared housings molded into the front fenders of the car. This gave the car an immediately visible distinction in front or side views. At night, the car appeared to have a wider stance. Pierce patented this placement, which endured until the final model of 1938, although Pierce always offered customers the option of conventional headlamps; only a minority ordered this option.
The Pierce-Arrow was astatus symbol, owned by manyHollywood stars and tycoons, and a favorite was thePierce-Arrow Town Car. Most of theroyalty of the world had at least one Pierce-Arrow in its collection. Some have described Pierce and two of its rivals among American luxury cars,Peerless andPackard, as the "Three P's of Motordom."[9] Industrial efficiency expertFrank Gilbreth, father of the authors of "Cheaper By The Dozen,"[10] extolled the virtues of Pierce-Arrow, in both quality and in its ability to safely transport his large family. Itswheelbase was 12 ft 3 in (3.73 m). The transmission was a four speed manual in 1919.[11] ActorSessue Hayakawa (famed for his role inBridge on the River Kwai) drove a custom-orderedgold-plated Pierce-Arrow.[12] A restored 1919 Pierce-Arrow is on display at theWoodrow Wilson Presidential Library. An open-bodied Pierce-Arrow carriedWoodrow Wilson andWarren G. Harding to Harding's 1921 inauguration, and one was used prominently in the 1950 movieCheaper by the Dozen.
Pierce-Arrow advertisements were artistic and understated. Unusual for car advertising, the image of the car was in the background rather than the foreground of the picture. Usually, only part of the car was visible. The Pierce-Arrow was typically depicted in elegant and fashionable settings. Some advertisements featured the car in places a car would not normally go, such asthe West and other rural settings, a testament to the car's ruggedness and quality.
Because of the immense size of most models, several second-hand Pierce-Arrow cars were bought byfire departments, stripped down to the chassis and engine, the wheelbase lengthened, and built back intofire engines. Some of these fire engines were in service for up to 20 years.[6]
In 1928, theStudebaker Corporation ofSouth Bend, Indiana, gained control of the Buffalo firm. The association was to last for five years, with moderate benefits to both companies' engineering departments, which continued to function as separate entities.[13] Pierce-Arrow also gained a dealer network, as the cars were sold through Studebaker dealerships. Under Studebaker's ownership, Pierce-Arrow retired the venerable 6-cylinder engine and in 1929 introduced an L-headstraight-eight engine, which displaced 366 cu in (6.0 L).[14]
The tie-up also led to the establishment of a Canadian subsidiary called the "Pierce-Arrow Company of Canada Ltd." which built a small number of cars inWalkerville, Ontario (now part of Windsor) between 1928 and 1934.[15]
In 1933, Pierce-Arrow unveiled the radically streamlinedSilver Arrow in a final attempt to appeal to the wealthy at theNew York Auto Show. The car was well received by the public and the motoring press, being announced with the slogan "Suddenly it's 1940!" Pierce sold five examples but, since it was priced at $10,000 (equal to $242,905 today) during the worst of theDepression, even the rich were hesitant to spend so much. The bodies were built at Studebaker,[13] which subsequently assisted in rolling out a lower-priced production model. This, however, lacked many luxury features of the show car and still failed to generate enough sales.
Starting in 1936, Pierce-Arrow produced a line of camper-trailers, the Pierce-Arrow Travelodge. They also produced a new V12 sedan that was redesigned and considered the safest and most luxurious sedan of its day.
TheRio Grande Southern Railroad converted five Pierce-Arrow automobiles (and a couple ofBuicks) into motorizedrailcars, effectively buses and trucks on rail wheels. The nicknameGalloping Goose was soon applied to these vehicles, reportedly based on their waddling motion and honking horn. Three are preserved in theColorado Railroad Museum atGolden.[16]
Pierce was the only luxury brand that did not field a lower-priced car (e.g., thePackard 120) to provide cash flow, and without sales or funds for development, the company declared insolvency in 1938 and closed its doors. The final Pierce-Arrow assembled was built by Karl Wise, the firm's chief engineer, from parts secured from the company's receivers. Pierce's remaining assets (which probably would include the forty Arrows made in October 1938) were sold at auction on a Friday, May 13, 1938.
The factory equipment used to make Pierce-Arrow V12 engines was bought bySeagrave Fire Apparatus, which used it to make engines forfire engines.[6]
In 2006, a group of classic car enthusiasts from Switzerland applied the name to a 10 L, 24-cylinder car designed byLuigi Colani.[17] According to their (since defunct) website, the company intended to revive the Pierce-Arrow car in the form of a Pierce Silver Arrow II.
The U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ruled on August 12, 2019, that "Pierce-Arrow" cannot be registered by an unrelated third party as a trademark for the production of a new automobile. This decision establishes a new precedent for protection ofCollective Membership Marks.
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There were at least 39 defined models, listed here. Many of them differ only in wheelbase.
![1911 Pierce-Arrow R Five-ton Truck [28]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWhiteRockWaterPierceArrowTruck.jpg)
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When the company split in 1906, the Pierce Cycle Company was formed and the nameplate changed accordingly.
Pierce-Arrow, founded in 1901, once ranked with Detroit's Packard and Cleveland's Peerless as the Three P's of Motordom
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42°56′34″N78°52′26″W / 42.9428°N 78.8739°W /42.9428; -78.8739
