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Apiebald orpied animal is one that has a pattern of unpigmented spots (white) on a pigmented background of hair, feathers or scales. Thus a piebald black and white dog is a black dog with white spots. The animal's skin under the white background is not pigmented.
Location of the unpigmented spots is dependent on the migration ofmelanoblasts (primordial pigmentcells) from theneural crest to paired bilateral locations in the skin of the earlyembryo. The resulting pattern appears symmetrical only if melanoblasts migrate to both locations of a pair and proliferate to the same degree in both locations. The appearance of symmetry can be obliterated if the proliferation of themelanocytes (pigment cells) within the developing spots is so great that the sizes of the spots increase to the point that some of the spots merge, leaving only small areas of the white background among the spots and at the tips of the extremities.
Animals with this pattern may includebirds,cats,cattle,dogs,foxes,horses,cetaceans,deer,pigs, andsnakes. Some animals also exhibit colouration of the irises of the eye that match the surrounding skin (blue eyes for pink skin, brown for dark). The underlyinggenetic cause is related to a condition known asleucism.
Inmedieval English "pied" indicated alternating contrasting colours making up thequarters of an item of costume orlivery device inheraldry.
The word "piebald" originates from a combination of "pie," from "magpie", and "bald", meaning "white patch" or spot.[1] The reference is to the distinctive black-and-white plumage of the magpie.[2]
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InBritish Englishpiebald (black and white) andskewbald (white and any colour other than black) are together known ascoloured. InNorth American English, the term for this colouring pattern ispinto, with the specialized term"paint" referring specifically to a breed of horse withAmerican Quarter Horse orThoroughbred bloodlines in addition to being spotted, whereaspinto refers to a spotted horse of any breed. In American usage, horse enthusiasts usually do not use the term "piebald," but rather describe the colour shade of a pinto literally with terms such as "black and white" for a piebald, "brown and white," or "bay and white," for skewbalds, or color-specific modifiers such as "bay pinto", "sorrel pinto," "buckskin pinto," and such.
Genetically, a piebald horse begins with ablack base coat colour, and then the horse also has anallele for one of three basic spotting patterns overlaying the base colour. The most common coloured spotting pattern is calledtobiano, and is adominant gene. Tobiano creates spots that are large and rounded, usually with a somewhat vertical orientation, with white that usually crosses the back of the horse, white on the legs, with the head mostly dark. Three less common spottinggenes are the sabino, frame, and splashovero genes, which create various patterns that are mostly dark, with jagged spotting, often with a horizontal orientation, white on the head. The frame variant has dark or minimally marked legs. Thesabino pattern can be very minimal, usually adding white that runs up the legs onto the belly or flanks, with "lacy" orroaning at the edge of the white, plus white on the head that either extends past the eye, over the chin, or both. The genetics of overo and sabino are not yet fully understood, but they can appear in the offspring of two solid-coloured parents, whereas a tobiano must always have at least one tobiano parent.
In many dog breeds the Piebald gene is common. The white parts of the fur interrupt the pigmented coat patterns. Dogs that may have a spotted or multicolored coat, are often called piebald if their body is almost entirely white or another solid color with spotting and patches on the head and neck. The allele is called sP on the S-locus and is localized with the MITF gene. It isrecessive, thereforehomozygous individuals show this coat pattern, whereas the heterozygouscarriers can be of solid color.[3]
Many other animal species may also be "pied" or piebald including, but not limited to,birds andsquirrels. A piebaldEastern gray squirrel namedPinto Bean gained prominence at theUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign after many students shared pictures and videos of it online.[4]Snakes, especiallyball pythons andcorn snakes, may also exhibit seemingly varying patches of completely pigmentless scales along with patches of pigmented scales. In 2013, a piebaldblood python was discovered inSumatra.[5] Somedomesticated silver foxes born from the Russian Institute of Cytology and Genetics also carry this coloring.[citation needed]
Bicolor cats carry the white spotting gene (incorrectly called the piebald gene). The same pattern that applies to cats also applies to dogs when the white spotting gene involved is indeed piebald and not another white-causing gene found in dogs. The piebald gene is also found in cows, ferrets, domestic goats, goldfish, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, and fancy rats.[citation needed]
Holstein andSimmental breeds of cattle typically exhibitpiebaldism.[6]
| Base coat colors |
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| Gray | |||||||||||
| Dilution genes |
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| White | |||||||||||
Horse markings and patterns |
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| Other | |||||||||||
| Genetics and breeding | |||||||||||