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Op. 70 is a set of twoPiano Trios byLudwig van Beethoven, written forpiano,violin, andcello. Both trios were composed during Beethoven's stay at CountessMarie von Erdődy's estate, and both are dedicated to her for her hospitality. They were published in 1809.
The first, in D major, known as theGhost, is one of his best known works in the genre (rivaled only by theArchduke Trio). The D major trio features themes found in the second movement ofBeethoven's Symphony No. 2. TheAll-Music Guide states that "because of its strangely scored and undeniably eerie-sounding slow movement, it was dubbed the 'Ghost' Trio. The name has stuck with the work ever since. The ghostly music may have had its roots in sketches for aMacbeth opera that Beethoven was contemplating at the time."[1] According to Lewis Lockwood, Beethoven's pupilCarl Czerny wrote in 1842 that the slow movement reminded him (Czerny) of the ghost scene at the opening of Shakespeare'sHamlet, and this was the origin of the nickname.[2] James Keller also attributes the nickname to Czerny, adding, "You may discard as erroneous the oft-encountered claim that this movement of theGhost Trio is a reworking of music Beethoven originally sketched as the Witches Chorus for hisMacbeth.[3]
These pieces are representative of Beethoven's "Middle" stylistic period, which went from roughly 1803 to 1812, and which included many of his most famous works. Beethoven wrote the two piano trios while spending the summer of 1808 back once again inHeiligenstadt, Vienna,[4] where he had completed hisSymphony No. 5 the previous summer. He wrote the two trios immediately after finishing hisSinfonia pastorale,Symphony No. 6. This was a period of uncertainty in Beethoven's life, in particular because he had no dependable source of income at the time.
Although these two trios are sometimes numbered as "No. 5" and "No. 6", the numbering of Beethoven's twelve piano trios is not standardized, and in other sources the two Op. 70 trios may be shown as having different numbers, if any.
The second movement is indouble variation form.
