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Aphysical property is anyproperty of aphysical system that ismeasurable.[1] The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states. Aquantifiable physical property is calledphysical quantity.Measurable physical quantities are often referred to asobservables. Some physical properties arequalitative, such asshininess,brittleness, etc.; some general qualitative properties admit more specific related quantitative properties, such as inopacity,hardness,ductility,viscosity, etc.
Physical properties are often characterized asintensive and extensive properties. An intensive property does not depend on the size or extent of the system, nor on the amount of matter in the object, while an extensive property shows an additive relationship. These classifications are in general only valid in cases when smaller subdivisions of the sample do not interact in some physical or chemical process when combined.
Properties may also be classified with respect to the directionality of their nature. For example,isotropic properties do not change with the direction of observation, andanisotropic properties do have spatial variance.
It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not.Color, for example, can be seen and measured; however, what one perceives as color is really an interpretation of the reflective properties of a surface and the light used to illuminate it. In this sense, many ostensibly physical properties are calledsupervenient. A supervenient property is one which is actual, but is secondary to some underlying reality. This is similar to the way in which objects are supervenient on atomic structure. A cup might have the physical properties of mass, shape, color, temperature, etc., but these properties are supervenient on the underlying atomic structure, which may in turn be supervenient on an underlying quantum structure.
Physical properties are contrasted withchemical properties which determine the way a material behaves in achemical reaction.
The physical properties of an object that are traditionally defined byclassical mechanics are often called mechanical properties. Other broad categories, commonly cited, are electrical properties, optical properties, thermal properties, etc. Physical properties include:[2]
