Phyllis Schlafly | |
|---|---|
_(cropped_2).jpg) Schlafly in 1977 | |
| Born | Phyllis McAlpin Stewart (1924-08-15)August 15, 1924 |
| Died | September 5, 2016(2016-09-05) (aged 92) Ladue, Missouri, U.S. |
| Education | Washington University in St. Louis (BA,JD) Harvard University (MA) |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 6, includingAndrew Schlafly |
| Relatives | Thomas Schlafly (nephew) Suzanne Venker (niece) |
Phyllis Stewart Schlafly (/ˈʃlæfli/; bornPhyllis McAlpin Stewart; August 15, 1924 – September 5, 2016) was an American attorney,conservative activist,[2] andanti-feminist,[2] who was nationally prominent in conservatism.[3] She heldpaleoconservative social and political views, opposedfeminism,gay rights, andabortion, and campaigned against ratification of theEqual Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
More than three million copies of her self-published bookA Choice Not an Echo (1964), apolemic in support of Republican candidateBarry Goldwater and condemning more liberalEast Coast Republicans personified byNelson Rockefeller, were sold or distributed for free. Schlafly co-authored books on national defense, and was critical ofarms control agreements with theSoviet Union.[4]
In 1972, Schlafly founded theEagle Forum, a conservative politicalinterest group, and remained its chair and CEO until her death in 2016, while staying active in conservative causes.
Born Phyllis McAlpin Stewart, Schlafly was raised inSt. Louis. Schlafly's great-grandfather Stewart, aPresbyterian, emigrated from Scotland to New York in 1851 and moved westward through Canada before settling in Michigan.[5] Her grandfather, Andrew F. Stewart, was a master mechanic with theChesapeake & Ohio Railway. Schlafly's father, John Bruce Stewart, was amachinist and salesman of industrial equipment, principally forWestinghouse. He was granted a patent in 1944 for arotary engine.[6]
During theGreat Depression, Schlafly's father faced long-termunemployment, beginning in 1932.[7] Before her marriage, her mother, Odile Stewart (née Dodge),[8] worked as a teacher at a private girls' school in St. Louis.[citation needed] During the Depression, she went back to work as a librarian and teacher to support her family.[9] Mrs. Stewart was able to keep the family afloat and maintain Phyllis in a Catholic girls' school.[10] Phyllis's sole sibling was her younger sister, Odile.
Schlafly attendedMaryville College, but after one year, transferred toWashington University in St. Louis.[11] In 1944, she graduated with aBachelor of Arts and was a member ofPhi Beta Kappa. In 1945, after attendingHarvard,[12] she received aMaster of Arts degree in government fromRadcliffe.[13]
InStrike From Space (1965), Schlafly wrote that duringWorld War II, she worked as "a ballistics gunner and technician at the largest ammunition plant in the world". She earned aJuris Doctor degree from theWashington University School of Law in 1978.[7]
In 1946, Schlafly became a researcher for theAmerican Enterprise Institute and worked in the successfulUnited States House of Representatives campaign of RepublicanClaude I. Bakewell.[14]
In1952, Schlafly ran for Congress as a Republican in the majorityDemocratic24th congressional district of Illinois.[15] She won the Republicanprimary election over John T. R. Godlewski by 18,793 (61.14%) to 11,943 (38.86%).[16] However, she lost the general election toincumbent DemocratCharles Melvin Price, winning 63,778 votes (35.20%) to Price's 117,408 votes (64.80%).[15] Schlafly's campaign was low-budget and promoted heavily through the local print media, and the major munitions manufacturersJohn M. Olin andSpencer Truman Olin, and the Texas oil billionaireH. L. Hunt.[17] She was the keynote speaker at the June 1952 Illinois state convention of the Republican Party. In her speech, she accused theTruman administration of "demoralizing our children by bad examples,drafting our men, and confiscating our family income."[18]In early July 1952, she attended her firstRepublican National Convention. She would attend each subsequent Republican National Convention until her death.[19] As part of the Illinois delegation of the 1952 convention, Schlafly endorsed U.S. SenatorRobert A. Taft to be the party's nominee in thepresidential election.[20]
She played a major role with her husband in 1957 in writing the "American Bar Association's Report on Communist Tactics, Strategy, and Objectives."Donald T. Critchlow says it "became not only one of the most widely read documents ever produced by the ABA, it was probably the single most widely read publication of the grassroots anticommunist movement."[21]
Schlafly was elected to serve as an alternate delegate to the1960 Republican National Convention from Illinois' 24th congressional district.[22] At the convention, Schlafly helped lead a revolt of "moral conservatives" who opposedRichard Nixon's stance "against segregation and discrimination."[23] Schlafly was the Republican nominee for Illinois's 24th congressional district again in 1960. She again lost the general election to Price, this time by 144,560 votes (72.22%) to 55,620 (27.79%).[22]
She came to national attention when millions of copies of her self-published bookA Choice Not an Echo were distributed in support ofBarry Goldwater's1964 presidential campaign, especially inCalifornia's hotly fought winner-take-all-delegatesGOP primary.[24][25] In it, Schlafly denounced theRockefeller Republicans in the Northeast, accusing them of corruption and globalism. Critics called the book aconspiracy theory about "secretkingmakers" controlling the Republican Party.[26]Schlafly had previously been a member of theJohn Birch Society; founderRobert Welch Jr. referred to her as a "very loyal" member.[27][25] She later quit and denied she had been a member because she feared her association with the organization would damage her book's reputation. By mutual agreement her books were not mentioned in the John Birch Society's magazine, and the distribution of her books by the society was handled so as to mask their involvement. The society was able to dispense 300,000 copies ofA Choice Not an Echo in California prior to the June 2, 1964, GOP primary.[28] Gardiner Johnson,Republican National Committee for California, stated that the distribution of her book in California was a major factor in Goldwater's winning the nomination.[29]
In 1967, Schlafly lost a bid for the presidency of theNational Federation of Republican Women against the more moderate candidate Gladys O'Donnell of California. Outgoing NFRW president and futureUnited States TreasurerDorothy Elston ofDelaware worked against Schlafly in the campaign.[30][31]
In 1970, she ran unsuccessfully forIllinois's 23rd congressional district, losing to Democratic incumbentGeorge E. Shipley by 91,158 votes (53.97%) to 77,762 (46.04%). She never sought public office again.
American feminists made their greatest bid for national attention at the1977 National Women's Conference in Houston; however, historian Marjorie J. Spruill argues that the anti-feminists led by Schlafly organized a highly successful counter-conference, the Pro-Life, Pro-Family Rally, to protest the National Women's Conference and make it clear that feminists did not speak for them. At their rally at theAstro Arena they had an overflow of over 15,000 people,[32] and announced the beginning of a pro-family movement to oppose politicians who had been supportingfeminism andliberalism, and to promote "family values" in American politics, and so moved the Republican Party to theright and defeated the ratification of the ERA.[33]
Schlafly became an outspoken opponent of theEqual Rights Amendment (ERA) during the 1970s as the organizer of the "STOP ERA" campaign. STOP was abackronym for "Stop Taking Our Privileges". She argued that the ERA would take away gender-specific privileges enjoyed by women, including "dependent wife" benefits underSocial Security, separate restrooms for males and females, and exemption fromSelective Service (the militarydraft).[34][35] She was opposed by groups such as theNational Organization for Women (NOW) and the ERAmerica coalition. The Homemakers' Equal Rights Association was formed to counter Schlafly's campaign.[36]
In 1972, when Schlafly began her campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, the ERA had already been ratified by 28 of the required 38 states.[37] Seven more states ratified the amendment after Schlafly began organizing opposition, but another five states rescinded their ratifications. The last state to ratify the ERA wasIndiana, where State SenatorWayne Townsend cast the tie-breaking vote in January 1977.[38] (Nevada, Illinois and Virginia ratified the ERA between 2017 and 2020, many years after the deadline to do so.)[39]
The Equal Rights Amendment was narrowly defeated, having only achieved ratification in a total 35 states.[7]Political scientist Jane J. Mansbridge concluded in her history of the ERA:
Many people who followed the struggle over the ERA believed—rightly in my view—that the Amendment would have been ratified by 1975 or 1976 had it not been for Phyllis Schlafly's early and effective effort to organize potential opponents.[40]
Joan Williams argues, "ERA was defeated when Schlafly turned it into a war among women over gender roles."[41] Historian Judith Glazer-Raymo argues:
As moderates, we thought we represented the forces of reason and goodwill but failed to take seriously the power of the family values argument and the single-mindedness of Schlafly and her followers. The ERA's defeat seriously damaged the women's movement, destroying its momentum and its potential to foment social change ... Eventually, this resulted in feminist dissatisfaction with the Republican Party, giving the Democrats a new source of strength that when combined with overwhelming minority support, helped elect Bill Clinton to the presidency in 1992 and again in 1996.[42]
Critics of Schlafly pointed out that she was not a typical housewife, as she was heavily involved in political causes.[30][43]
In broadcast media, Schlafly provided commentaries on Chicago news radio stationWBBM from 1973–75,CBS Morning News from 1974-75, andCNN from 1980-83. In 1983, she began creating syndicated daily 3-minute commentaries for radio. In 1989, she began hosting a weekly radio talk show,Eagle Forum Live.[44]
In November 1977, she was an opposition speaker at the1977 National Women's Conference with Lottie Beth Hobbs, Dr. Mildred Jefferson,Nellie Gray, andBob Dornan.[45]
Schlafly toldTime magazine in 1978, "I have cancelled speeches whenever my husband thought that I had been away from home too much."[46]
In an interview on March 30, 2006, she attributed improvement in women's lives during the last decades of the 20th century to labor-saving devices such as the indoor clothes dryer and disposable diapers.[47]
She calledRoe v. Wade "the worst decision in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court" and said that it "is responsible for the killing of millions of unborn babies".[48]
Schlafly focused political opposition to the ERA in defense of traditional gender roles, such as only men fighting in war. She argued that the Equal Rights Amendment would eliminate the men-only draft and ensure that women would be equally subject toconscription and be required to serve incombat, and that defense of traditionalgender roles proved a useful tactic. In Illinois, the anti-ERA activists used traditional symbols of the Americanhousewife, and took homemade foods (bread, jams, apple pies, etc.) to the state legislators, with the slogans, "Preserve us from a congressional jam; Vote against the ERA sham" and "I am for Mom and apple pie."[49]
The historian Lisa Levenstein said that, in the late 1970s, the feminist movement briefly attempted a program to help older divorced and widowed women.[50] Many widows were ineligible for Social Security benefits, few divorcees receivedalimony, and, after a career as a housewife, few had any work skills with which to enter the labor force. The program, however, encountered sharp criticism from young activists who gave priority to poor minority women rather than to middle-class women. By 1980, NOW downplayed the program, as they focused almost exclusively on ratification of the ERA. Schlafly moved into the political vacuum, and denounced the feminists for abandoning older, middle-class widows and divorcees in need, and warned that the ERA would unbalance the laws in favor of men, stripping legal protections that older women urgently needed.[51]
Schlafly said that the ERA was designed for the benefit of young career women, and warned that if men and women had to be treated equally, that social condition would threaten the security of middle-aged housewives without job skills. She also contended that the ERA would repeal legal protections, such as alimony, and eliminate the judicial tendency for divorced mothers to receive custody of their children.[52] Schlafly's argument that protective laws would be lost resonated with working-class women.[53]
In 2007, while working to defeat a new version of the Equal Rights Amendment, Schlafly warned it would force courts to approvesame-sex marriages and denySocial Security benefits for housewives and widows.[35]
Schlafly objected to the concept of thegender pay gap, calling it "a deceitful propaganda campaign has been orchestrated by the feminist movement."[54] She stated that it is "part of the feminists' denigration of the role of motherhood [...] designed to eliminate [...] motherhood by changing us into a society in which women are harnessed into the labor force both full-time and for a lifetime".[54] In fact, she believed that even if men do earn more than women, it is beneficial to society as a whole, because, "we want a society in which the average man earns more than the average woman so that his earnings can fulfill his provider role in providing a home and support for his wife who is nurturing and mothering their children."[55] She stated: "We certainly don't want a society in which the average wage paid to all women equals [that of] men, because that society would have eliminated the role of motherhood."[56]
Schlafly believed that the primary role of a woman should be that ofwife,mother, andhomemaker rather thancareer woman.[57] She also believed that motherhood is crucial to the well-being of society, stating: "[Motherhood] is the most socially useful role of all"[56] and "the dependent wife and mother who cares for her own children...performs the most socially necessary role in our society."[58]
Schlafly held the position that men and women are fundamentally different and opposed what she termed the "feminist [propagandist]" assertion that "we must redesign society to become gender neutral and that men must shed their macho image and remake themselves to becomehousehusbands."[59] Instead, she believed that it was not possible to eradicate the differences between men and women. She argued that feminists "will have to take up their complaint with God," because "no other power can alter the fundamental and necessary differences between men and women."[60]
Schlafly contended that thefamily is the place of greatest growth and satisfaction for women.[61] She rejected what she claimed is the feminist view that the family is ananachronism that binds women down.[62] She believed that the institution of the family as "the basic unit of society [...] is the greatest single achievement in the entire history of women's rights."[63] She stated that "the future of our nation depends on children who grow up to be good citizens, and the best way of achieving that goal is to have emotionally stable, intact families."[64]
In March 2007, Schlafly spoke against the concept ofmarital rape in a speech atBates College inLewiston, Maine, "By getting married, the woman has consented to sex, and I don't think you can call itrape."[65]
Schlafly argued that in marriage, men and women's roles are different and should remain so. She defended her stance as one necessary to order instead of a threat to equality; she said, "If marriage is to be a successful institution, it must...have an ultimate decision maker, and that is the husband."[66]
Schlafly opposedsame-sex marriage andcivil unions: "[a]ttacks on the definition of marriage as the union of one man and one woman come from the gay lobby seeking social recognition of their lifestyle."[67] Linking theEqual Rights Amendment to LGBT rights and same-sex marriage played a role in Schlafly's opposition to the ERA.[68][69]
Over the years, Schlafly disdained theUnited Nations. On the 50th anniversary of the UN in 1995, she referred to it as "a cause for mourning, not celebration. It is a monument to foolish hopes, embarrassing compromises, betrayal of our servicemen, and a steady stream of insults to our nation. It is aTrojan Horse that carries the enemy into our midst and lures Americans to ride under alien insignia to fight and die in faraway lands." She opposed PresidentBill Clinton's decision in 1996 to send 20,000 American troops toBosnia during theYugoslav Wars. Schlafly observed thatBalkan nations have fought one another for 500 years and argued that the U.S. military should not be "policemen" of world trouble spots.[70]
Prior to the 1994 Congressional elections, Schlafly condemnedglobalization through theWorld Trade Organization as a "direct attack on Americansovereignty, independence, jobs, and economy ... any country that must change its laws to obey rulings of a world organization has sacrificed its sovereignty."[71]
In late 2006, Schlafly collaborated withJerome Corsi andHoward Phillips to create a website in opposition to the idea of a "North American Union", under which the United States, Mexico, and Canada would share a currency and be integrated in a structure similar to theEuropean Union.[72]
During theCold War, Schlafly opposedarms control agreements with theSoviet Union. In 1961, she wrote that "[arms control] will not stopRed aggression any more than disarming our local police will stop murder, theft, and rape."[73]
Schlafly was an outspoken critic of what she termed "activist judges", particularly on theSupreme Court. In 2005, Schlafly made headlines at a conference for theJudeo-Christian Council for Constitutional Restoration by suggesting that "Congress ought to talk about impeachment" of JusticeAnthony Kennedy, citing as specific grounds Justice Kennedy'sdeciding vote to abolish the death penalty for minors.[74]
In April 2010, shortly afterJohn Paul Stevens announced his retirement as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Schlafly called for the appointment of a military veteran to the Court. Stevens had been a veteran and, with his retirement, the court was "at risk of being left without a single military veteran."[75]
Schlafly believed the Republican Party should rejectimmigration reform proposals; she toldFocus Today that it is a "great myth" that the GOP needs to reach out toLatinos in the United States. "The people the Republicans should reach out to are the white votes, the white voters who didn't vote in the last election. The propagandists are leading us down the wrong path ... [T]here's not any evidence at all that these Hispanics coming in from Mexico will vote Republican."[76][77]
Schlafly did not endorse a candidate for the2008Republican presidential nomination, but she spoke out againstMike Huckabee, who, she says, as governor left the Republican Party inArkansas "in shambles". At theEagle Forum, she hostedU.S. RepresentativeTom Tancredo ofColorado, known for his opposition to illegal immigration. Before his election, she criticizedBarack Obama as "an elitist who worked with words".[78]
During the election, she endorsedJohn McCain in an interview by saying: "Well, I'm a Republican, I'm supporting McCain". When asked about criticism of John McCain fromRush Limbaugh, she said: "Well, there are problems, we are trying to teach him".[79]
Schlafly endorsedMichele Bachmann in December 2011 for theIowa caucus of the2012 Republican presidential primaries, citing Bachmann's work against "ObamaCare" and deficit spending and Bachmann's support of "traditional values."[80]
On February 3, 2012, Schlafly announced that she would be voting forRick Santorum in that year'sMissouri Republican primary.[81] In 2016, she endorsedDonald Trump's candidacy for president.[82] The endorsement soon led to a breach in the Eagle Forum board. Schlafly broke with six dissident members, including her daughter, Anne Cori,[83] andCathie Adams, the former state chairman of theTexas Republican Party.[84] Adams instead supported U.S. SenatorTed Cruz of Texas, Trump's principal challenger whom Adams considered a more conservative choice.[85]
Schlafly's last book,The Conservative Case for Trump, was published September 6, 2016, one day after her death.[86][87]
On May 1, 2008, the trustees of Washington University in St. Louis, announced that Schlafly would receive an honorary degree at the graduation ceremony for the Class of 2008. This news was met with objection from some students and faculty, who complained she wasanti-feminist and criticized her work in defeating theEqual Rights Amendment.[88] In a letter, fourteen law professors complained Schlafly's career demonstrated "anti-intellectualism in pursuit of a political agenda."[89]
While the trustees' honorary-degree committee unanimously approved who would be honored, five student-members of the committee complained, in writing, that they were required to vote for the five people to be honored, as a slate, rather than individually, and thought that the selection of Schlafly was a mistake, despite her prominence as a famous graduate of Washington University.[90] In the days before the graduation ceremony, Washington University ChancellorMark S. Wrighton explained the trustees' decision to award Schlafly an honorary degree with the following statement of disclaimer:
In bestowing this degree, the University is not endorsing Mrs. Schlafly's views or opinions; rather, it is recognizing an alumna of the University whose life and work have had a broad impact on American life and have sparked widespread debate and controversies that in many cases have helped people better formulate and articulate their own views about the values they hold.[91]
At the May 16, 2008, commencement ceremony, Schlafly was awarded an honorary degree ofDoctor of Humane Letters, yet faculty and students protested to rescind Schlafly's honorary degree. During the ceremony, hundreds of the 14,000 people in attendance, including one-third of the graduating class and some faculty, silently stood and turned their backs to Schlafly inprotest.[92] In the days before the commencement there were protests regarding the awarding of an honorary degree; Schlafly described the protesters as "a bunch of losers".[88] Moreover, after the ceremony, Schlafly said that the protesters were "juvenile" and "I'm not sure they're mature enough to graduate."[92] As planned, Schlafly did not address the graduating class, nor did any other honored guest, except for the commencement speaker, news commentatorChris Matthews ofMSNBC.[93]
On October 20, 1949, she married attorney John Fred Schlafly Jr., a member of a wealthy St. Louis family; he died in 1993. His grandfather, August, immigrated in 1854 from Switzerland. In the late 1870s, the three brothers founded the firm of Schlafly Bros., which dealt in groceries, Queensware (dishes made byWedgwood), hardware, and agricultural implements.[94] Fred and Phyllis Schlafly were both activeCatholics. They linked Catholicism toAmericanism and often exhorted Catholics to join theanti-communist crusade.[95]
Fred and Phyllis Schlafly moved across the Mississippi River toAlton, Illinois, and had six children: John, Bruce, Roger, Liza,Andrew, and Anne.[96] When her husband died in 1993, she moved toLadue, Missouri. In 1992, their eldest son, lawyer John Schlafly, wasouted as gay byQueer Week magazine.[19] He acknowledged that he was gay and stated that he agreed with his mother's opposition tosame-sex marriage and extension of civil rights protection to gays and lesbians.[97] Their son Andrew, also a lawyer and activist, created thewiki-basedConservapedia.[98] Their daughter Anne Schlafly Cori, married to the son of Nobel-winning scientistsCarl andGerty Cori,[99] is chairman and treasurer of Eagle Forum.[100]
Schlafly was the aunt of conservative anti-feminist authorSuzanne Venker; together they wroteThe Flipside of Feminism: What Conservative Women Know – and Men Can't Say.[101]
Schlafly died of cancer on September 5, 2016, at her home inLadue, Missouri, at the age of 92.[87][102]
Schlafly was the author of 26 books on subjects ranging from child care tophonics education. She wrote a syndicated weekly newspaper column forCreators Syndicate.[103]
Schlafly's published works include:
Phyllis Schlafly is mentioned extensively in the seventh episode of the third season of the comedy TV seriesThe Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, titled "Marvelous Radio". Set in 1960, the episode sees Midge (Rachel Brosnahan) agreeing to participate in a live radio commercial for Schlafly. Initially, Midge is enthusiastic about the prospect of supporting a woman running for Congress. However, after learning about her views, which are portrayed as ultra-conservative and antisemitic, she changes her mind and refuses to speak her part, while already at the recording studio with the broadcast about to start.[104]
TheFX miniseriesMrs. America also partially focuses on Schlafly's life and activism, withCate Blanchett as her. Though some praise the series for its accuracy,[105] Schlafly's family members, among other critics, dispute the accuracy of several accounts in the series.[106][107]
Schlafly is briefly referred to in theMargaret Atwood novelThe Testaments. The 2019 sequel to Atwood'sThe Handmaid's Tale,The Testaments is set in a dystopian theocratic state in which women are segregated by caste and social function, including wives, housekeepers, teachers, and impregnable women. In this setting there is a "Schlafly Café" which is open to women in the "Aunt" or teacher caste.[108]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Phyllis Stewart Schlafly | 18,793 | 61.14 | |
| Republican | John T. R. Godlewski | 11,943 | 38.86 | |
| Total votes | 30,736 | 100 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Melvin Price (incumbent) | 117,408 | 64.80 | |
| Republican | Phyllis Stewart Schlafly | 63,778 | 35.20 | |
| Total votes | 181,186 | 100 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Melvin Price (incumbent) | 144,560 | 72.22 | |
| Republican | Phyllis Stewart Schlafly | 55,620 | 27.79 | |
| Total votes | 200,180 | 100 | ||
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phyllis Stewart Schlafly | 10,338 | 36.74 | |
| Wetzel G. Harness | 6,445 | 22.91 | |
| Henry A. Schwarz | 5,837 | 20.75 | |
| Horace J. Eggmann Jr. | 3,539 | 12.58 | |
| Daniel H. Schade | 1,977 | 7.03 | |
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phyllis Stewart Schlafly | 9,100 | 27.59 | |
| Ralph D. Walker | 9,060 | 27.47 | |
| Rolla J. Mottaz | 8,434 | 25.57 | |
| Dr. E. L. Rauth | 6,389 | 19.37 | |
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| James B. Wham | 14,580 | 34.50 | |
| Phyllis Schlafly | 14,356 | 33.97 | |
| Parker Graves | 13,323 | 31.53 | |
| Prospective delegate | Presidential candidate they endorsed | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Josephine K. Oblinger | Richard Nixon | 22,282 | 32.54 |
| Eric C. Davis | Richard Nixon | 17,665 | 25.80 |
| Andrew V. Madonia | Richard Nixon | 17,057 | 24.91 |
| Phyllis Schlafly | uncommitted | 11,464 | 16.74 |
| Prospective delegate | Presidential candidate they endorsed | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phyllis Schlafly | Ronald Reagan | 13,873 | 35.42 |
| Edward Ragsdale | Ronald Reagan | 12,889 | 32.91 |
| Wilson H. West | Ronald Reagan | 12,405 | 31.67 |
| Prospective delegate | Presidential candidate they endorsed | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Don Weber | George H. W. Bush | 8,694 | 14.92 |
| J. Thomas Long | George H. W. Bush | 8,251 | 14.16 |
| Dennis Rickhoff | George H. W. Bush | 7,685 | 13.19 |
| Ron Stephens | Bob Dole | 7,095 | 12.17 |
| Craig S. MacDonald | Bob Dole | 5,472 | 9.39 |
| Edward F. Ragsdale | Bob Dole | 5,125 | 8.79 |
| Phyllis Schlafly | Jack Kemp | 3,189 | 5.47 |
| Michael Dyer | Pat Robertson | 2,941 | 5.04 |
| Frank C. Watson | Jack Kemp | 2,873 | 4.93 |
| Larry Baden | Pat Robertson | 2,597 | 4.45 |
| Cheryl McCalmon | Pat Robertson | 2,561 | 4.39 |
| Bob Glenn | Jack Kemp | 1,778 | 3.05 |
| Prospective delegate | Presidential candidate they endorsed | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marlalee I. Lindley | George H. W. Bush | 31,038 | 15.97 |
| Frank C. Watson | George H. W. Bush | 30,943 | 15.92 |
| Phyllis Schlafly | George H. W. Bush | 30,892 | 15.90 |
| Frank H. Walker | George H. W. Bush | 30,825 | 15.86 |
| Edward Ragsdale | George H. W. Bush | 29,775 | 15.32 |
| Bill Owens | Pat Buchanan | 8,317 | 4.28 |
| Mel Jones | Pat Buchanan | 8,234 | 4.25 |
| Lee Bormann | Pat Buchanan | 8,234 | 4.23 |
| William Charles Evers III | Pat Buchanan | 8,1455 | 4.19 |
| O. A. "Rockey" Schoenrock | Pat Buchanan | 7,808 | 4.01 |
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phyllis Stewart Schlafly | 9,569 | 43.92 | |
| Robert D. Kecle | 8,566 | 39.32 | |
| Henry Plats | 3,653 | 16.77 | |
... planning to vote for Rick Santorum
And she's willing to take a chance with someone who's going to shake things up.
When you're 91 and you're not out with the grass roots all the time, it is very much taking advantage of someone.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
