You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Vietnamese. (October 2023)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Vietnamese article.
Machine translation, likeDeepL orGoogle Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
Youmust providecopyright attribution in theedit summary accompanying your translation by providing aninterlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary isContent in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Wikipedia article at [[:vi:Phú Quốc]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template{{Translated|vi|Phú Quốc}} to thetalk page.
Bãi Sao beach on Phú Quốc islandLion dance with Thần Tài in Thăng Long Cổ trấn, Phú Quốc
Phú Quốc (Vietnamese:[fǔkǔə̯k]) is the largest island inVietnam. Phú Quốc and nearby islands, along with the distantThổ Chu Islands, are part ofKiên Giang Province asPhú Quốc City, this is Vietnam's first island city.[2] The island has a total area of 589.27 km2 (227.52 sq mi) and a permanent population of approximately 179,480 people in 2020.[1][3] Located in theGulf of Thailand, the island city of Phú Quốc includes the island proper and 21 smallerislets.Dương Đông ward, located on the island's west coast, is the island's administrative centre and largest town. The other ward isAn Thới on the southern tip of the island.
Its primary industries arefishing,agriculture, and a fast-growingtourism sector. Phú Quốc has achieved fast economic growth due to its current tourism boom. Many infrastructure projects have been carried out, including several five-star hotels and resorts.Phú Quốc International Airport is the hub connecting Phú Quốc with mainlandVietnam as well as with international destinations.
Since March 2014, Vietnam has allowed all foreign tourists to visit Phú Quốcvisa-free for a period of up to 30 days.[4][5] By 2017, the government of Vietnam planned to set up a Special Administrative Region which covered Phú Quốc Island and its peripheral islets and upgrade it to a provincial city with special administration.
The earliest Cambodian references to Phú Quốc (known as Koh Tral) are found in royal documents dated 1615[citation needed], however no one has offered compelling evidence that Khmers have ever had a substantial presence there, or that a state exercised authority. For many Khmers the case of Koh Tral is one of history imagined rather than remembered.[6]
Around 1680, Phú Quốc was part of thePrincipality of Hà Tiên, a maritime polity founded by Chinese merchant and explorerMạc Cửu under the patronage of the Cambodian king.
Mạc Cửu later switched allegiance to theNguyễn lords and recognized the authority of the Vietnamese sovereign.[6][7] He sent a tribute mission to the Nguyễn court in 1708, and in return received the title ofTong Binh of Hà Tiên[8] and the noble titleMarquess Cửu Ngọc (Vietnamese:Cửu Ngọc hầu).
Mạc Cửu died in 1736, his sonMạc Thiên Tứ (Mo Shilin) succeeded. The Cambodian army attempted to liberate Hà Tiên in 1739 but was defeated. From then on, Cambodia did not try to retake Hà Tiên and it enjoyed full independence from Cambodia thereafter.[9]
Mạc Thiên Tứ's reign saw the golden age of Hà Tiên. In 1758, Hà Tiên establishedOutey II as puppet king of Cambodia. AfterWar of the second fall of Ayutthaya, Mạc Thiên Tứ tried to install Prince Chao Chui (เจ้าจุ้ย,Chiêu Thúy in Vietnamese) as the new Siamese king, but was defeated byTaksin.[10] Hà Tiên was completely devastated by Siamese troops in 1771, Mạc Thiên Tứ had flee to Trấn Giang (modernCần Thơ). In there, he was sheltered by Nguyễn lord. Two years later, Siamese army withdrew from Hà Tiên, and Mạc Thiên Tứ retook his principality.[10]
TheFrenchmissionaryPigneau de Behaine used the island as a base during the 1760s and 1780s to shelterNguyễn Ánh, who was hunted by theTây Sơn army.[11] Descriptions of this mission make reference to the local Vietnamese population of the island but not the Khmer.[6]
The British envoyJohn Crawfurd en route to Siam fromSingapore in 1822 made a stop at Phú Quốc which he transcribed asPhu-kok in March. His entry is as follows:
The place which we had now visited is called by the Cochinchinese, Phu-kok, and by the Siamese Koh-dud... In the Kambojan language it is called Koh-trol... It is the largest island on the east coast of the Gulf of Siam, being by our reckoning not less than thirty-four miles in length. It is commonly bold high land, the highest hills rising to seven or eight hundred feet. A few spots here and there on the coasts only are inhabited, -the rest being, as usual, covered with a great forest, which we were told, contained abundance of deer, hogs, wild buffaloes, and oxen, but no leopards or tigers... The inhabitants of Phu-kok were described to us as amounting to four to five thousand, all of the trueCochinchinese race, with the exception of a few occasional Chinese sojourners. They grow no species of corn and their husbandry is confined to a few coarse fruits and esculent green vegetables and farinaceous roots..."[12]
Western records in 1856 again mentioned the island: "... KingAng Duong (of Cambodia) apprize Mr. de Montigny, French envoy in visit toBangkok, through the intermediary of Bishop Miche, his intention to yield Phú Quốc to France."[13] Such a proposition aimed to create a military alliance with France to avoid the threat of Vietnam on Cambodia. The proposal did not receive an answer from the French.[14] An 1856 publication by The Nautical Magazine describes Phú Quốc to still be part of Cambodia even though it was occupied by theCochinchinese. The quote from the publication is:
The whole of the island is thickly wooded, and only the shore parts appear to be inhabited, principally byCochinchinese, for although in the empire of Cambodia it has been seized upon by the unscrupulous inhabitants of Cancao."[15]
While the war betweenVietnam and France was about to begin, Ang Duong sent another letter, dated November 25, 1856, toNapoleon III to warn him about Cambodian claims on the lowerCochinchina region: the Cambodian king listed provinces and islands, including Phú Quốc, as being parts of Vietnam for several years or decades (in the case ofSaigon some 200 years). Ang Duong asked the French emperor to not annex any part of these territories because, as he wrote, despite this relatively long Vietnamese rule, they remained Cambodian lands. In 1867, Phú Quốc's Vietnamese authorities pledged allegiance to French troops just conqueringHà Tiên.
French Indochina c.1933
In 1939, for administrative purposes, Governor General ofFrench Indochina,Jules Brévié, drew a line demarcating maritime boundary between Cambodia and Cochinchina; and Phú Quốc remained under Cochinchina administration. After the Geneva Accords, in 1954, Cochinchina's sovereignty was handed over to Vietnam.[16]
In 1967, the Vietnamese and Cambodian government accepted the "Brévié Line" as the maritime border. Later on, Sihanouk renewed his claim on Koh Tral. The Vietnamese also abandoned their previous acceptance of the Brevie Line.[6]
From 1953 to 1975, the island housedSouth Vietnam's largest prisoner camp (40,000 in 1973), known asPhú Quốc Prison.[18] Phú Quốc was located in IV Corps Tactical Zone and was an integral part of South Vietnam's system for detaining enemy prisoners.[19]
On May 1, 1975, a squad ofKhmer Rouge soldiers raided and took Phú Quốc, but Vietnam soon recaptured it. This was to be the first of a series of incursions and counter-incursions that would escalate to theCambodian–Vietnamese War in 1979. Cambodia dropped its claims to Phú Quốc in 1976.[20] But the bone of contention involving the island between the governments of the two countries continued, as both have a historical claim to it and the surrounding waters. A July 1982 agreement between Vietnam and ThePeople's Republic of Kampuchea ostensibly settled the dispute; however, the island is still the object ofirredentist sentiments.[21]
In 1999 the Cambodian representative to the Vietnam-Cambodia Joint Border Commission affirmed the state’s acceptance of the Brevie Line and Vietnamese sovereignty over Phú Quốc, a position reported to and accepted by the National Assembly.[6]
Phú Quốc lies south of theCambodian coast, south ofKampot, and 40kilometres (22 nmi) west ofHà Tiên, the nearest coastal town in Vietnam. Roughly triangular in shape the island is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long from north to south and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from east to west at its widest. It is also located 17nautical miles (31 km) fromKampot, 62nautical miles (115 km) fromRạch Giá and nearly 290 nautical miles (540 km) fromLaem Chabang, Thailand.A mountainous ridge known as "99 Peaks" runs the length of Phú Quốc, with Chúa Mountain being the tallest at 603 metres (1,978 ft).
Phú Quốc Island is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic age, including heterogeneous conglomerate composition, layering thick, quartz pebbles, silica, limestone,rhyolite andfelsite. The Mesozoic rocks are classified in Phú Quốc Formation (K pq). The Cenozoic sediments are classified in formations of Long Toàn (middle - upper Pleistocene), Long Mỹ (upper Pleistocene), Hậu Giang (lower - middle Holocene), upper Holocene sediments, and undivided Quaternary (Q).[22]
The city of Phú Quốc is officially divided into nine commune-level sub-divisions, including two urban wards (Dương Đông,An Thới) and seven rural communes (Bãi Thơm, Cửa Cạn, Cửa Dương,Dương Tơ, Gành Dầu, Hàm Ninh,Thổ Châu).
Fishing has historically been the dominant industry in Phú Quốc.A traditionalfish sauce factory in Phú Quốc.
Phú Quốc is famous for its two traditional products:fish sauce andblack pepper.[23] The rich fishing grounds offshore provides theanchovy catch from which the sauce is made. As widely agreed among the Vietnamese people, the best fish sauce comes from Phú Quốc. The island name is coveted and abused in the fish sauce industry that local producers have been fighting for the protection of its appellation of origin.[24]Pepper is cultivated everywhere on the island, especially at Gành Dầu and Cửa Dương communes.[25]Thepearl farming activity began more than 20 years ago when Australian and Japanese experts arrived to develop the industry with advanced technology. Some Vietnamese pearl farms were established at that time including Quốc An.[26]
Many domestic and international projects related to tourism have been carried out, including the latest direct flights from Bangkok to Phú Quốc by Bangkok Airways, which could make Phú Quốc a new tourist hub in Southeast Asia.
With the combination ofVinpearl Phú Quốc Resorts and the opening of the new Vinmec Phú Quốc International Hospital in June 2015, Phú Quốc will add an additional source of revenue to the local economy in terms of medical services, medical tourism and medical education.[31]
The island'smonsoonal sub-equatorial climate is characterized by distinct rainy (April to November) and dry seasons (December to March). As is common in regions with this climate type, there is some rain even in the dry season. The annual rainfall is high, averaging 3,029 mm (9.938 ft). In the northern mountains up to 4,000 mm (13 ft) has just recorded. April and May are the hottest months, with temperatures reaching 35 °C (95 °F).
Phú Quốc National Park was established in 2001 as an upgrade of a former conservation zone. The park covers 336.57 km2 (129.95 sq mi) of the northern part of the island.[33][34]
Phú Quốc Marine Protected Area, or just Phú Quốc MPA, was established in 2007 at the northern and southern end of the island and covers 187 km2 (72 sq mi) of marine area. The sea around Phú Quốc is one of the richest fishing grounds in all of Vietnam, and the aim of the protected area is to securecoral reef zones,seagrass beds, andmangrove forests, all key spawning and nursery grounds for aquatic species, includingblue swimming crabs. Among the aquatic animals in the protected area aregreen turtle,leather back turtles,dolphin anddugong.[35][36]
Plastic waste is a growing problem in Phú Quốc, and the local community has organized clean-up efforts.[37]
^Coedes, George (1966),The making of South East Asia, University of California Press, p. 213,ISBN978-0-520-05061-7
^Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana (2004),Water frontier: commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 43–44,ISBN978-0-7425-3083-6
^Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana (2004),Water frontier: commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 43–46,ISBN978-0-7425-3083-6
^Crawfurd, John.Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochinchina. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1967. p64-5
^"Le Second Empire en Indo-Chine (Siam-Cambodge-Annam): l'ouverture de Siam au commerce et la convention du Cambodge”, Charles Meyniard, 1891, Bibliothèque générale de géographie
^"La Politique coloniale de la France au début du second Empire (Indo-Chine, 1852-1858)", Henri Cordier, 1911, Ed. E.J. Brill
^2009年03月31日,抗日名将黄杰与最后一支离开大陆的国民党部队, 凤凰资讯. There is currently a small island inKaohsiung, Taiwan'sChengcing Lake that was constructed in November 1955 and named Phú Quốc Island in memory of the Nationalist Chinese loyal soldiers who was detained from 1949-1953.
^Ngo Cong Duc, deputy of the Vinh Binh province, quoted in "Le régime de Nguyen Van Thieu à travers l'épreuve", Etude Vietnamienne, 1974, pp. 99–131
^Amer, Ramses. 2002.Claims and Conflict Situations in "War or Peace in the South China Sea?" edited by Timo Kivimaki. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS), Copenhagen, Denmark
^"About Us."Air Mekong. Retrieved on December 21, 2010. "Headquarters: Hamlet 3, Village 7, An Thoi Town, Phu Quoc Island, Kiên Giang Province, Vietnam..."
_(1).jpg)
Indochine_fran%25C3%25A7aise_btv1b530574891_1.jpg)
.jpg)
