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Phoroneus

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Character in Greek mythology

InGreek mythology,Phoroneus (/fəˈrɒn.juːs/;Ancient Greek: Φορωνεύς means 'bringer of a price'^[1]) was aculture-hero of theArgolid, fire-bringer,^[2] law giver,^[3] and primordial king of Argos.

Family

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Phoroneus was the son of theriver god Inachus and eitherMelia, theOceanid^[4] orArgia,^[5] the embodiment of the Argolid itself: "Inachus, son ofOceanus, begat Phoroneus^[6] by his sister Argia".

He was said to have been married toCinna;^[7] orCerdo, anymph;^[8] orTeledice,^[9] also a nymph; orPerimede;^[10] orPeitho,^[11] and to have fathered a number of children includingApis,Car,^[12]Chthonia,Clymenus,^[13]Sparton,^[14]Lyrcus^[15] andEurops, an illegitimate son.^[16] An unnamed daughter of his is said to have consorted withHecaterus and thus became the mother of the five Hecaterides, nymphs of the rustic dance.^[17]

In Argive culture,Niobe is associated with Phoroneus, sometimes as his mother, sometimes as his daughter, or as his consort (Kerenyi). According toHellanicus of Lesbos, Phoroneus had at least three sons:Agenor,Jasus andPelasgus. After the death of Phoroneus, the two elder brothers divided his dominions, Pelasgus received the country about the river Erasmus, and builtLarissa, and Iasus the country aboutElis. After the death of these two, Agenor, the youngest, invaded their dominions, and thus became king ofArgos.^[18]^[19]

TheClementine Recognitions mentionsPhthia, a daughter of Phoroneus, who became the mother of Achaeus by Zeus.^[20]

Comparative table of Phoroneus' family
Relation	Names	Sources
Relation	Names	Hellanicus	Σ ad Pindar	Σ ad Euripides	Parthenius	Strabo	Apollodorus	Pausanias	Hyginus	Clement	Tzetzes
Parents	Inachus							✓
	Inachus and Melia						✓
	Inachus and Argia								✓
Wife	Perimede		✓
	Peitho			✓
	Teledice						✓				✓
	Cerdo							✓
	Cinna								✓
Children	Agenor	✓
	Jasus	✓
	Pelasgus	✓
	Aegialeus			✓
	Apis			✓			✓		✓		✓
	Niobe or Nioba			✓			✓		✓		✓
	Lyrcus				✓
	wife of Hecaterus					✓
	Car							✓
	Europs			✓				✓
	Chthonia							✓
	Clymenus							✓
	Sparton							✓
	Phthia									✓

Reign

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Hyginus' genealogy expresses the position of Phoroneus as one^[21] of the primordial men, whose local identities differed in the various regions of Greece,^[22] and who had for a mother the essential spirit of the very earth of Argos herself,Argia. He was the primordial king in thePeloponnesus, authorized by Zeus: "Formerly Zeus himself had ruled over men, but Hermescreated a confusion of human speech, which spoiled Zeus' pleasure in this Rule".^[23] Phoroneus introduced both the worship ofHera and the use of fire and the forge.^[24] Poseidon and Hera had vied for the Argive when the primeval waters had receded, Phoroneus "was the first to gather the people together into a community; for they had up to then been living as scattered and lonesome families". (Pausanias).

Phoroneus' successor wasArgus, who was Niobe's son, either byZeus or Phoroneus himself. He was also the father ofApis, who may have also ruled Argos (according to Tatiānus^[25]). He was worshipped inArgos with aneternal fire that was shown to Pausanias in the 2nd century CE, and funeral sacrifices were offered to him at his tomb-sanctuary.^[26] He is also credited as the founder of law.^[27]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Inachus	King of Argos	Succeeded by Apis

PHORONEUS' CHRONOLOGY OF REIGN ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SOURCES
Kings of Argos	Regnal Years		Castor	Regnal Years		Syncellus	Regnal Years	Apollodorus	Hyginus	Tatian	Pausanias
Precessor	1677	50 winters & summers	Inachus	1677.5	56 winters & summers	Inachus	1675	Inachus	-do-	-do-	-do-
Phoroneus	1652	60 winters & summers	Phoroneus	1649.5	60 winters & summers	Phoroneus	1650	Phoroneus	-do-	-do-	-do-
Successor	1622	35 winters & summers	Apis	1619.5	35 winters & summers	Apis	1625	Apis	-do-	-do-	-do-

Argive genealogy

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Argive genealogy inGreek mythology

Colour key:

Male
Female
Deity

Notes

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^Graves, Robert (1960).The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth, London, England: Penguin Books. pp. s.v. Phoroneus.ISBN 978-0143106715.
^Pausanias 2.19.5
^Clement of Alexandria,protrepticus p. 233
^Apollodorus,2.1.1;Scholia adEuripides,Orestes932;Tzetzes adLycophron, 177.
^Hyginus,Fabulae143
^The Argive myth was reported toPausanias,2.15.5
^Hyginus,Fabulae145
^Pausanias,2.21.1
^Apollodorus,2.1.1; Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 177.
^Scholia adPindar,Olympian Ode3.28a
^Scholia ad Euripides,Orestes932
^Pausanias,1.39.5–6;1.40.6 &1.44.6
^Pausanias,2.35.4
^Pausanias,2.16.4
^Parthenius,1 with sources—Lyrcus ofNicaenetus and theCaunus ofApollonius Rhodius
^Pausanias,2.34.4
^Strabo, 10.3.19
^Hellanicus of Lesbos,Fragm. p. 47, ed. Sturz.
^Schmitz, Leonhard (1867),"Agenor (2)", in Smith, William (ed.),Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston:Little, Brown and Company, p. 68, archived fromthe original on 2013-10-12, retrieved2008-05-17
^Pseudo-Clement,Recognitions 10.21
^In the Argolid, of course, he displaced Prometheus asthe primordial fire-giver and the originator of kingship (Yves Bonnefoy and Wendy Doniger, eds.Greek and Egyptian Mythologies, "Myths of Argos and Athens" [University of Chicago 1992:124]).
^SeeKarl Kerenyi,The Gods of the Greeks, 1951 (1980), p. 222, for other primordial men:Prometheus andEpimetheus, and, inBoeotia, Alkomeneus.
^Karl Kerenyi,The Gods of the Greeks 1951 (1980), p. 222.
^Hyginus,Fabulae143. ComparePrometheus.
^James Cowles Prichard :An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology. 1819. p. 85
^Pausanias,2.20.3
^Protrepticus

References

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Apollodorus,The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.Greek text available from the same website.
Gaius Julius Hyginus,Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies.Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Parthenius,Love Romances translated by Sir Stephen Gaselee (1882-1943), S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 69. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1916.Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Parthenius,Erotici Scriptores Graeci, Vol. 1. Rudolf Hercher. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1858.Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pausanias,Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.ISBN 0-674-99328-4.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias,Graeciae Descriptio.3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pseudo-Clement,Recognitions fromAnte-Nicene Library Volume 8, translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867.Online version at theio.com
Strabo,The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Strabo,Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877.Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links

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Mahanas, Dictionary of Greek Mythology; "Phoroneus"

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