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Philoxenus Anicetus

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For others with the same name, seePhiloxenus.

Indo-Greek king

Philoxenus
Portrait of Philoxenus
Indo-Greek king
Reign	100–95 BCE

Died	Mathura

Silver coin of Philoxenus in the Attic standard. The obverse shows the king wearing aBoeotian helmet,diadem, andaegis, while holding aspear in hand. The reverse shows the king riding a horse, and Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΙΚΗΤΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΞΕΝΟΥ,*Basileōs Anikētou Philoxenou*, "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus".

Philoxenus Anicetus (Greek:Φιλόξενος ὁ Ἀνίκητος,Philόxenos ho Aníkētos, meaning "Philoxenus the Invincible") was anIndo-Greek king who ruled in the region spanning theParopamisade toPunjab. Philoxenus seems to have been quite an important king who might briefly have ruled most of the Indo-Greek territory. Bopearachchi dates Philoxenus to c. 100–95 BCE and R. C. Senior to c. 125–110 BCE.

Historians have not yet connected Philoxenus with any dynasty, but he could have been the father of the princess Kalliope, who was married to the kingHermaeus.

Coins of Philoxenos

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Philoxenus struck several series of bilingual Indian silver coins, with areverse of a mounted king, a type previously used as obverse byAntimachus II about sixty years earlier and as reverse on rare types ofNicias. Whether the horseman was a dynastic emblem or a portrait of the king as a cavalryman is unclear. SeveralSaka kings used similar horsemen on their coinage.

Philoxenus means "lover of foreigners" or "hospitable" in Greek, and considering that his drachms were square, a feature that was rare among Indo-Greeks but standard for Sakas, this shows that Philoxenus had good connection and relations with the nomads that had conquered Bactria.

Philoxenus also minted some Attic-type tetradrachms (with Greek legend only), meant for circulation in Bactria. These coins show the king either bareheaded and wearing a diadem, or wearing crested helmets on the obverse. The reverse shows most likely the king himself in Hellenistic military uniform and riding a horse. This design also shows the king making a blessing gesture with his right hand.

Philoxenus also struck bronzes with female deity/bull, orHelios/Nike.

Overstrikes

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One overstrike is known, ofEpander over Philoxenus.

Other coins

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Philoxenus issued a variety of different coin standards, including some Attic coins, square Indian coins, and also circular bilingual coins with Greek and Kharosthi scripts.

Silver coin of Philoxenus. Obverse shows the king wearingBoeotian helmet anddiadem, withGreek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΙΚΗΤΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΞΕΝΟΥ,Basileōs Anikētou Philoxenou, "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus". The Reverse with the king on horseback, andKharosthi legend:Maharajasa Apadihatasa Philasinasa, "Of the Great Invincible King Philoxenus".
Indian square coin of Philoxenus, with the obverse showing the king wearing Boeotian helmet, with surrounding Greek legend. The reverse shows the king on horseback, and surrounding Kharosthi legend.
Another coin of Philoxenus. Reverse, showing the king in armour, wearing a crested Boeotian helmet, diadem,chlamys, and boots, while riding a galloping horse. He is also making a blessing gesture with his right hand.

References

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The Greeks in Bactria and India, W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

External links

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Coins of Philoxenus

Preceded by Antialcidas (inParopamisade,Arachosia,Gandhara)	Indo-Greek Ruler (inParopamisadae,Arachosia, Gandhara,Punjab) 100 – 95 BC	Succeeded by Diomedes (inParopamisade)
		Succeeded by Amyntas (inArachosia,Gandhara)
Preceded by Demetrius III orPolyxenios (inPunjab)		Succeeded by Epander (inPunjab)

Greco-Bactrian andIndo-Greek kings, territories and chronology

Based onBopearachchi (1991)^{[t 1]}

Territories/ dates	WestBactria	EastBactria	Paropamisade	Arachosia	Gandhara	Western Punjab	Eastern Punjab	Mathura^{[t 2]}
	Greco-Bactrian kings		Indo-Greek kings
326-325 BCE	Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India						Nanda Empire
312 BCE	Creation of theSeleucid Empire						Creation of theMaurya Empire
305 BCE	Seleucid Empire afterMauryan war		Maurya Empire
280 BCE	Foundation ofAi-Khanoum
255–239 BCE	Independence of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom Diodotus I		EmperorAshoka (268-232 BCE)
239–223 BCE	Diodotus II
230–200 BCE	Euthydemus I
200–190 BCE	Demetrius I				Sunga Empire
190-185 BCE	Euthydemus II
190–180 BCE	Agathocles			Pantaleon
185–170 BCE	Antimachus I
180–160 BCE			Apollodotus I
175–170 BCE	Demetrius II
160–155 BCE			Antimachus II
170–145 BCE	Eucratides I
155–130 BCE	Yuezhi occupation, loss ofAi-Khanoum	Eucratides II Plato Heliocles I	Menander I
130–120 BCE	Yuezhi occupation		Zoilus I		Agathoclea			Yavanarajya inscription
120–110 BCE			Lysias		Strato I
110–100 BCE			Antialcidas		Heliocles II
100 BCE			Polyxenus		Demetrius III
100–95 BCE			Philoxenus
95–90 BCE			Diomedes	Amyntas		Epander
90 BCE			Theophilus	Peucolaus		Thraso
90–85 BCE			Nicias	Menander II		Artemidorus
90–70 BCE			Hermaeus	Archebius
			Yuezhi occupation		Maues (Indo-Scythian)
75–70 BCE				Vonones	Telephus	Apollodotus II
65–55 BCE				Spalirises		Hippostratus	Dionysius
55–35 BCE					Azes I (Indo-Scythians)		Zoilus II
55–35 BCE					Vijayamitra/Azilises		Apollophanes
25 BCE – 10 CE				Gondophares	Zeionises	Kharahostes	Strato II Strato III
				Gondophares (Indo-Parthian)			Rajuvula (Indo-Scythian)
			Kujula Kadphises (Kushan Empire)				Bhadayasa (Indo-Scythian)	Sodasa (Indo-Scythian)
^O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p.453 ^Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019)."History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE". BRILL – via Google Books.

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