| Philomaths | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1 October 1817; 208 years ago (1 October 1817) Imperial University of Vilnius |
| Type | Secret |
| Affiliation | Independent |
| Status | Defunct |
| Defunct date | 1823 |
| Scope | Local |
| Chapters | 1 |
| Headquarters | Vilna,Vilna Governorate Russian Empire (now Lithuania) |
ThePhilomaths, orPhilomath Society (Polish:Filomaci orTowarzystwo Filomatów,Lithuanian:Filomatai orFilomatų draugija; from theGreekφιλομαθεῖς "lovers of knowledge"), was a secret student organization that existed from 1817 to 1823 at theImperial University of Vilnius.
The society was created on 1 October 1817 inVilnius, Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire, which had acquired those territories in thePartitions of Poland in 1794. The society was composed of students and alumni of theImperial University of Vilnius.
Notable members includedJózef Jeżowski (co-founder and president),Jan Czeczot (co-founder),Józef Kowalewski (co-founder),Onufry Pietraszkiewicz (co-founder),Tomasz Zan (co-founder),[1]Adam Mickiewicz (co-founder),Antoni Edward Odyniec,Ignacy Domejko,Teodor Łoziński,Franciszek Malewski,Jan Sobolewski [pl],Aleksander Chodźko,Michał Kulesza. Most of them were students, but some members and supporters included faculty and former alumni.
Its structure was a cross betweenfreemason organization and alearned society. It was divided into two chapters – scientific-mathematic and literary. The members of the latter discussed literary works, and the organization aims were self-educational and didactic; however, around 1819-1820, the members became split on whether the organizations should concentrate on self-education (Jeżowski) or take a more active role in restoring Poland's independence (Mickiewicz), eventually the second faction gained dominance and new social and political goals emerged.
The discussions increasingly turned towardromanticist ideas that were banned by theRussian Empire for their pro-independence currents; history of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was studied, pro-independence works written and circulated. The organizations inspired the creation of many similar youth organizations across the formerGrand Duchy of Lithuania,[2] and it established ties with similar clandestine pro-Polish organizations inCongress Poland andthe rest of partitioned lands, such as thePatriotic Society (Towarzystwo Patriotyczne) ofWalerian Łukasiński, and even Russian organizations such as theDecembrists.[2]
Two closely related groups were formed:
Ignacy Domeyko described the spirit prevailing in the Philomaths and the Filaret Association as: "purely national, patriotic, Polish – but free from plots and conspiracies, free of demagogic rants". According to Theodore R. Weeks, both organizations advocated a love for Polish culture and patriotism, but shied away from developing any concrete political program and their members generally declared loyalty to the Russian ruler.[3]
In 1822 the organizations went through some name changes. In 1823 the organization was discovered by Russian authorities led byNikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev. After a trial that lasted several months, in 1824, 108 people were convicted of membership in this or related organizations; 20 members of the Philomaths or related organizations were sentenced to imprisonment orkatorga andexiled to Siberia; over a dozen faculty members were dismissed (including historianJoachim Lelewel).[1]
Adam Mickiewicz, one of theThree Polish Bards, convicted of being a Philomath member and exiled into Russia, later described his experiences in that period in the third part of a major work,Dziady (Forefathers' Eve).
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