Phillips Exeter Academy was established in 1781 byJohn and Elizabeth Phillips, citizens of Exeter, New Hampshire. It is the nation's sixth-oldest boarding school.[7]
John Phillips had earned degrees from Harvard College and came to Exeter as a young man in 1741, initially as a teacher. He made his fortune as a merchant and banker, and gained influence over time as an advisor to the colonial governor, circuit court judge, elected representative, and senior militia officer in the years leading up to theAmerican Revolutionary War. In 1778, he supported his nephew,Samuel Phillips Jr., financially when the latter foundedPhillips Academy inAndover, Massachusetts,[8] about 40 miles away. As result of this original family relationship, the two schools sharea friendly and historic rivalry.[9] John Phillips stipulated in Exeter's founding charter that it would "ever be equally open to youth of requisite qualifications from every quarter".[10]
The new academy benefited from donors besides John Phillips. Phillips had previously been married to Sarah Gilman, the wealthy widow of Phillips' cousin, Nathaniel Gilman,[11] whose large fortune, bequeathed to Phillips, enabled him to endow the academy.[12] The Gilman family also donated to the academy much of the land on which it stands, including the initial 1793 grant byNew Hampshire GovernorJohn Taylor Gilman of the Yard, the oldest part of campus; the academy's first class in 1783 included seven Gilmans.[13][14] In 1814,Nicholas Gilman, signer of theU.S. Constitution, left $1,000 to Exeter to teachsacred music.[15]
First Academy Building c. 1910, where the school opened in 1783
The academy's first schoolhouse, the First Academy Building, was built on a site on Tan Lane in 1783,[16] and today stands not far from its original location. The building was dedicated on February 20, 1783, the same day that the school's first Preceptor,William Woodbridge, was chosen by John Phillips.[10]
Exeter'sDeed of Gift, written by John Phillips at the founding of the school, states that Exeter's mission is to instill in its students both goodness and knowledge:
"Above all, it is expected that the attention of instructors to the disposition of the minds and morals of the youth under their charge will exceed every other care; well considering that though goodness without knowledge is weak and feeble, yet knowledge without goodness is dangerous, and that both united form the noblest character, and lay the surest foundation of usefulness to mankind."[9]
In the early 1800s, a deep religious divide opened up betweenUnitarian Harvard andCalvinist Yale.[17] As a result, Unitarian-friendly Exeter developed a closer relationship with Harvard, and Calvinist-friendlyPhillips Academy with Yale.[18][19] Although originally, most Exeter graduates did not go on to further formal education (as with most 18th and 19th Century secondary schools), the ones that did placed at Harvard in substantial numbers.[20] From 1846 to 1870, Exeter supplantedBoston Latin School as Harvard's largest feeder school, supplying 16% of all Harvard students during that period.[21] In the latter half of the 19th century, graduates of Exeter and the now-defunctAdams Academy of Quincy, Massachusetts were "dominant socially" on Harvard Yard.[22]
Exeter's first recorded minority student was Moses Uriah Hall, a young Black man, who entered the Academy in 1858, served in the Union Army during theCivil War, and was known for many years as a skilled stonemason and businessman in nearbyEpping, New Hampshire.[23] During the Civil War, four White students from a border state, Kentucky, threatened to leave the Academy unless it adopted a whites-only policy. The principal,Gideon Lane Soule, replied that "the colored student will stay, you can do as you please."[24]
After a brief interlude in the 1880s when Exeter's focus partially shifted from college preparation to general education and only 18% of Exeter students went on to college,[25]Charles Everett Fish (p. 1890–95) restored academic standards by adopting a policy of expelling students who could not attain a C average.[26] A student in the Class of 1892 recalled that "[t]here was no real discipline ... the only measure of a boy's quality was his scholarship. If that was satisfactory, little else mattered."[27] The percentages of students going on to college recovered rapidly to 1870s levels, although the student body shrank significantly, dropping from 355 in 1890 to 123 in 1895.[28]
1909 advertisement for the school, proclaiming that "[s]tudents are dropped from any class, at any time, if they fail to do satisfactory work."
Fish's successorHarlan Page Amen (p. 1895–1913) solidified Exeter's mission as a college-preparatory school. Amen cleaned up Exeter's social image, as the student body had acquired a reputation for unruly behavior.[29][30] He doubled tuition from $75 to $150 between 1895 and 1899,[31][32] and claimed in 1903 that he had expelled 400 boys in eight years.[33] He also improved the academy's residential facilities; by 1903 two-thirds of Exeter students were living on campus.[34] Despite the expulsions, Exeter's new-look mission resonated with parents, and enrollment jumped to 390 in 1903 and 572 in 1913.[35] From 1890 to 1894, 67% of Exeter's college-bound students went on to Harvard, Yale or Princeton.[20] 60-odd years later, in 1953, the corresponding number was 67% for the entire academy.[36]
From 1879 to 1881, Exeter (and several other schools) participated in theChinese Educational Mission, hosting students fromQing China who were sent to the United States to learn about Western technology. However, all students were recalled after just 2 years due to mounting tensions between the United States and China, as well as growing concern within the Chinese government that the students were becoming Americanized.[37]
Lewis Perry was appointed principal in 1914 and ran the academy until 1946. Although his early years were marked by grave financial difficulties, including a $200,000 bill to rebuild the Academy Building (destroyed by fire five months into Perry's administration) and the disruption ofWorld War I,[38] he had a "talent for getting wealthy men to part with their money."[39] A professional fundraiser, he did not teach classes; instead, he "spen[t] much time away from school spreading Exeter's fame and obtaining endowments."[40] Exeter's endowment increased ninefold during his tenure.[41] In 1936, Exeter boasted an $8 million endowment for roughly 700 students, making it the richest boarding school in New England in both absolute and per capita terms.[42]
Perry used the money to improve student quality of life, expand access for the underrepresented, and build a more cohesive and higher-achieving student body. Under Perry's leadership, Exeter was able to provide housing for all its students for the first time.[34] Perry also adopted a policy that scholarship students should comprise at least 20% of the student body.[43] He imposed greater restrictions on students' after-class activities, culminating in the abolition of fraternities in 1940.[44] Perhaps counterintuitively, these restrictions limited the number of disciplinary cases and helped students improve their academics. From 1922 to 1931, the number of students expelled or asked to leave for academic reasons declined from 136 to 40.[45] When Perry retired, the school educated 725 boys.[46]
Despite Perry's reforms, Exeter retained a certain informality, which was reflected in the school's "unwritten code that there were no rules at the academy until you broke one."[47][41] Expelled alumni include the journalistDavid Lamb and the writer and editorGeorge Plimpton.
Perry's largest financial windfall came on April 9, 1930, when philanthropist and oil magnateEdward Harkness wrote to Perry to propose a new way of teaching and learning, for which Harkness would donate funds to foot the bill:
What I have in mind is a classroom where students could sit around a table with a teacher who would talk with them and instruct them by a sort of tutorial or conference method, where each student would feel encouraged to speak up. This would be a real revolution in methods.[48]
The result was "The Harkness Method," in which a teacher and a group of students work together, exchanging ideas and information in a seminar setting.[49] In November 1930, Harkness gave Exeter $5.8 million (approximately $110 million in February 2024 dollars) to support this initiative.[32] To support the more intensive teaching style, Exeter's faculty grew from 32 teachers in 1914 to 82 in 1946.[41] In addition, through Harkness' largesse, the academy was able to avoid cutting faculty salaries during theGreat Depression, making it a rarity among boarding schools.[50]
Since 1930, Exeter's principal mode of instruction has been by discussion, "seminar style," around an oval table known as theHarkness Table.[51][52] Today, all classes are taught using this method, with no more than 12 students per class.[53]
William Saltonstall '24 (p. 1946–63) succeeded Perry and continued Perry's successful fundraising record. He began his tenure by completing a $5.6 million ($72 million in February 2024 dollars) fundraising drive, ending in 1948.[32] Later that year,J. P. Morgan partnerThomas W. Lamont '88 (the former president of the board of trustees) left Exeter another $3.5 million in his will.[32]
Under Saltonstall, the academy maintained strong ties to elite universities, although like nearly all boarding schools, it lost ground to public schools during this period. Exeter served as one of the testing grounds for theAdvanced Placement program,[54] and in 1957, it produced 11 of the 30 incoming Harvard students with enough AP credit to enter as sophomores.[55] In addition, in 1963 Exeter produced 73 National Merit Scholarship finalists, the most in the nation.[56] However, elite universities relentlessly pushed Exeter to tighten academic standards even further, as Harvard's appetite for Exeter graduates meant that the top cut of Exeter students did not reflect the full breadth of the academy's contingent at Harvard. (In 1955, Harvard admitted 79% of applicants from Exeter and Andover;[57] by contrast, in 1957, 30% of recent Exeter graduates made the dean's list at Harvard, compared to 40% for the entire freshman class.[55]) Due to a surge of applicants from public schools, Exeter students no longer enjoyed near-automatic admission to the colleges of their choice. From 1953 to 1963, the percentage of Exeter graduates admitted to Harvard, Yale, or Princeton declined by a third, from 67% to 42%.[36]
Faced with a decline in applicants,[58] the academy responded by broadening its student body. In 1969, Exeter stopped requiring students to attend a weekly religious service.[59] In 1970, it became coeducational;[60] it later appointed its first female principal (Kendra Stearns O'Donnell) in 1987.[32] In 1996, to reflect the academy's coeducational status, a new gender-inclusiveLatin inscriptionHic Quaerite Pueri Puellaeque Virtutem et Scientiam ("Here, boys and girls, seek goodness and knowledge") was added over the main entrance to the Academy Building. This new inscription augments the original one—Huc Venite, Pueri, ut Viri Sitis ("Come hither boys so that ye may become men").[61] In 1999, 55% of incoming Exeter students came from public schools.[62]
On January 25, 2019, William K. Rawson '71 was appointed by the academy's trustees as the 16th Principal Instructor.[63] He is the fourth alumnus of Exeter to serve as Principal, afterGideon Lane Soule (1838–1873),Harlan Amen (1895–1913), andWilliam Saltonstall (1946–1963). In 2021, Rawson announced that Exeter would adopt aneed-blind admissions policy, following a $90 million fundraising campaign to support financial aid.[64] In 2025, Rawson announced that he would retire at the end of the 2025-26 school year.[65]
Jennifer Karlan Elliott, a 1994 graduate ofPhillips Academy, was announced by the Exeter Trustees on November 14, 2025 to be the Principal to succeed Rawson.[66]
In the later half of the 20th century, criteria for U.S. college and university admissions evolved to include more meritocratic considerations and an emphasis on wider demographic factors. Exeter reports that while 10 or more students attended seven of the eight Ivy League colleges (ex. Dartmouth) and MIT between the years 2022-24, 10 or more students also attendedBoston College,Bowdoin,GWU,Georgetown,NYU,Northeastern,Tufts,UChicago,USC, andWesleyan.[67]
Exeter uses an 11-point grading system, in which an A is worth 11 points and an E is worth 0 points.[68] The academy's student-teacher ratio is 6:1, and 93% of Exeter faculty have postgraduate degrees.[69]
Students who attend Exeter for four years are required to take courses in the arts, classical or modern languages, computer science, English, health & human development, history, mathematics, religion, and science. Most students receive an English diploma, but students who take the full series of Latin and Ancient Greek classes receive a Classical diploma.[70]
Although Exeter administrators helped originate theAdvanced Placement program,[71] Exeter no longer offers AP courses, asserting that some of its courses "go well beyond the AP curriculum" and often reach "the pace and level of college courses."[68] Exeter was one of the first private schools to begin phasing out AP classes, starting in the early 2000s.[72]
All classes at Exeter are taught seminar-style aroundHarkness Tables with no more than 10-12 students per class period. No classrooms have rows of desks or chairs, and lectures are uncommon. The completion of the Phelps Science Center in 2001 enabled all science classes, which previously had been taught in more conventional classrooms, to be conducted around the same Harkness Tables.[73] Elements of the Harkness Method, including the Harkness Table, are now used in many independent schools around the world.[74][75]
The Class of 2024's average combinedSAT score was 1440 (717 reading, 723 math). Although Exeter does not offer AP courses, its students may take AP exams if they wish; the Class of 2023's pass rate was 94%.[68]
During the tenure of Exeter's tenth principal,Richard W. Day, the Washington Intern Program and the Foreign Studies Program began.[83] Exeter offers the Washington Intern Program, where students intern in the office of a senator or congressional representative.[84][85] Exeter also participates in theMilton Academy Mountain School program,[86] which allows students to study in a small rural setting inVershire, Vermont.[87] The academy currently sponsors trimester-long foreign study programs inGrenoble,Tema,Tokyo,Saint Petersburg,Stratford-upon-Avon,Eleuthera,Taichung,Göttingen,Rome,Cuenca, andCallan;[86] as well as school-year abroad programs in Beijing,Rennes,Viterbo, andZaragoza.[88][89] The academy also offers foreign language summer programs in France, Japan, Spain, and Taiwan.
Exeter typically accepts 14–18% of applicants annually, including 18% in 2024.[90][91][92][69] The admission rate briefly dropped to 10% during theCOVID-19 pandemic.[90] In 2024, 78.5% of admitted students chose to enroll at Exeter.[69]
In the 2024–2025 school year, Exeter enrolled 225 freshmen (in academy jargon, "juniors" or "preps"), 252 sophomores ("lower middlers" or "lowers"), 304 juniors ("upper middlers" or "uppers"), and 325 seniors and postgraduates ("seniors" and "PGs"), for a total enrollment of 1,106 students.[69][93]
Exeter enrolls a racially and ethnically diverse student body. In the 2024–2025 school year, 57.1% of Exeter students identified asstudents of color.[69] In the 2019–2020 school year, 52% of the academy's 314 incoming students previously attended U.S. public schools.[94]
In September 2024, the Exeter student body included students from 44 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and 32 countries. 9.9% of students are international students, and another 6.2% are U.S. citizens residing outside the United States.[69]
Most Exeter students (81%) live on campus. The remaining 19% are day students who commute to Exeter from nearby communities.[69]
In the 2024–2025 school year, Exeter charged boarding students $69,537 and day students $54,312.[95] 45% of Exeter students are onfinancial aid,[69] which covers, on average, $56,315 for boarders and $37,770 for day students.[96]
Exeter admits students on aneed-blind basis and commits to offering financial aid that covers 100% of demonstrated financial need.[97][98][99] Since 2008, Exeter has also guaranteed free tuition for families with incomes under a certain threshold.[100] In 2024, Exeter raised the threshold from $75,000 to $125,000.[98][101]
Exeter's financial endowment stands at $1.6 billion as of June 30, 2024.[69] In itsInternal Revenue Service filings for the 2021-22 school year, Exeter reported total assets of $1.91 billion, net assets of $1.71 billion, investment holdings of $1.22 billion, and cash holdings of $242.6 million. Exeter also reported $124.0 million in program service expenses and $25.3 million in grants (primarilystudent financial aid).[102]
TheAcademy Building (1914) is the fourth such building, and was built after the third burned down. Designed by Exeter alumnusRalph Adams Cram,[103] the Academy Building houses the History, Math, Religion and Classical Languages departments, along with anarchaeology/anthropology museum.[104] In the 1920s and 1930s,Lewis Perry expanded the building to add the Assembly Hall (formerly the Chapel) and connect it to theMayer Art Center (formerly Alumni Hall).
Mayer Art Center (1903) houses the Art Department and theLamont Gallery, as well as the College Counseling Office. It contains a large ceramics studio with approximately twenty wheels and three kilns on the first floor, two printmaking studios and three drawing/painting studios on the second floor, and an architectural and 3-D design studio on the third floor. The school purchased a 3-D printer in 2013.
Elizabeth Phillips Academy Center (EPAC) (2006), formerly the Phelps Center, serves as the academy's student center. It houses a student commons, post office, day student lounge, academic support center, student grill, and the Forum (a 300-person auditorium). It also hosts several student organizations.[108]
Goel Center (2018) houses the theater and dance departments.[109]
Phillips Hall (1932) houses the English and Modern Languages departments. It was purpose-built for the then-newHarkness system.
Forrestal Bowld Music Center (1995) houses the Music Department, the Music Library, a recital hall, three rehearsal halls, faculty offices, and dozens of rehearsal rooms.[111] It received the Honor Award in Architecture Design by theBoston Society of Architects in 1996.
TheWilliam Boyce Thompson 1890 Gymnasium (1918) contains a basketball court, a dance studio, a cycling training room, a second swimming pool, and a media room.[103]
TheThompson Fieldhouse (2018) contains four indoor tennis courts, two batting cages, a wrestling room, and an indoor track.[114][115] The site previously hosted theThompson Cage (1931), which contained wrestling, gymnastics, and track facilities.
TheDowner Family Fitness Center (2015) contains weight lifting resources, aerobic machines, and turf space.
Roger Nekton Championship Pool is named for the long-serving former swimming andwater polo coach.
Phillips Church was originally built as the Second Parish Church in 1897 and was purchased by the academy in 1922.[103] The building was designed byRalph Adams Cram. Although originally a church, the building now contains spaces for students of many faiths. It includes aHindu shrine, aMuslim prayer room and ablutions fountain, akosher kitchen, and a meditation room. Services that are particular to Phillips Church include Evening Prayer on Tuesday nights, Thursday Meditation, and Indaba—a religious open forum.
Nathaniel Gilman House (1740) houses the academy's Alumni and Alumnae Affairs and Development Office. This home, as well as the Benjamin Clark Gilman House which is also owned by the academy, were built for the Gilman family, a group of prominent Exeter donors. The Gilman House is a large colonial white clapboard home with agambrel roof hipped at one end, a leadedfanlight over the front door and a wide panelled entry hall.[117]
TheDavis Center, formerly a library, houses financial aid offices. It was designed byRalph Adams Cram.
Exeter offers 65 interscholastic sports teams at the varsity and junior varsity level, 27 intramural sports teams, and various fitness classes. All students are required to participate in athletics.
Basketball, water polo, wrestling, swimming, cycling, soccer, squash, cross country,crew, and ice hockey teams have won recent New England championships.[118]
Exeter's main athletic rival is Phillips Academy, better known as Andover. The two schools have been competing against each other in both baseball and football since 1878 (in those first games, Exeter defeated Andover 12–0 in baseball, while Andover won the football game, 22-0).[119] Today, Exeter-Andover weekend is still a large tradition in both schools.
The academy has over 100 clubs listed.The Exonian is the school's weekly newspaper. It is the oldest continuously running preparatory school newspaper in the United States, having begun publishing in 1878. Recently,The Exonian began online publication.[120]The Exonian has been a finalist for a National Pacemaker Award several times, winning in 2007. Other long-established clubs include ESSO, which focuses on social service outreach, and the PEAN, which is the academy's yearbook. Exeter also has the oldest surviving secondary school society, the Golden Branch (founded in 1818),[121][122] a society for public speaking, inspired by PEA's Rhetorical Society of 1807–1820. Now known as the Daniel Webster Debate Society, these groups served as America's first secondary school organization fororatory.[123] TheModel UN club has won the "Best Small Delegation" award atHMUN.[124] Exeter's Mock Trial Association, founded by attorney and historian Walter Stahr,[125] has since 2011 claimed seventeen individual titles, five all-around state titles, and a top-ten spot at the National High School Mock Trial Championship.[126]
Close to 80% of students live in the dormitories, with the other 20% commuting from homes within a 30-mile (48 km) radius. Each residence hall has several faculty members and senior student proctors. There are check-in hours of 8:00 pm (for first- and second-year students), 9:00pm (for third years), and 10:00 pm (for seniors) during the weekdays and 11:00 pm on Saturday night.[127]
Student body, Phillips Exeter Academy, ca. 1903
Religious life on campus is supported by the Religious Services Department, which provides a vintage stone chapel and a full-service ministry for the spiritual needs of students.[128] The chapel was originally built in 1895 and has been updated. It accommodates worship for "twelve religious traditions including Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Quaker, Buddhist, Catholic among others"[129] as well as Secular Humanism.[128]
Weekly attendance at the religious service of their choice was required of students until 1969, after which religion at Exeter stagnated until it was revived by a new approach "as concerned with the religious dimension of all of our lives as it is with the particular religious needs of any one of us." A renovation of Phillips Church, completed in 2002, provided spaces for worship and meditation for students of diverse religious persuasions.[130]
An incident of student misconduct that occurred in the basement of Phillips Church in late 2015 brought criticism to the Academy.[131] An in-depth investigation uncovered sexual misconduct that had occurred at Exeter since the 1970s and involved at least 11 members of the faculty and staff. The report harshly criticized the school for not supporting victims when they reported incidents and for a pattern of not including these allegations in faculty members' files. In April 2016, Exeter hired the law firm of Holland & Knight LLP to investigate allegations of past misconduct by Exeter faculty and staff. A report was released in August 2018 providing an overview of the investigation and its findings.[132]
Through this process, Holland & Knight was assigned and completed 28 investigations. Of those 28 matters, 26 involved reported misconduct of a sexual nature by an Exeter faculty or staff member towards an Exeter student occurring at various points from the 1950s to the 2010s. During the course of these investigations, Holland & Knight conducted approximately 294 interviews of over 170 individuals.[133] The persons interviewed were located in various states, as well as overseas. According to the findings, the school maintained two sets of files, and would keep the more sensitive material away from Human Resources and prospective employers. Some of these faculty members would then leave Exeter but get hired at other boarding schools. In at least one case, the teacher then molested students at their next school. The allegations involve staffers who have since been fired, left the school or have died. Several have been named in the past by the school. In a 2018 letter, senior Exeter officials apologized to the school community, including victims who have come forward and those who have remained silent.[134][135]
Exeter has two chief symbols: a seal depicting a river, sun andbeehive, incorporating the academy's mottos; and theLion Rampant. The seal has similarities to that used by Phillips Academy—an emblem designed byPaul Revere—and its imagery isMasonic in nature. A beehive often represented the industry and cooperation of a lodge or, in this case, the studies and united efforts of Academy students. TheLion Rampant is derived from the Phillips family'scoat of arms, and suggests that all of the academy's alumni are part of the "Exonian family".
Exeter has three mottoes on the academy seal:Non Sibi (Latin 'Not for oneself') indicating a life based on community and duty;Finis origine pendet (Latin 'The end depends on the beginning') reflecting Exeter's emphasis on hard work as preparation for a fruitful adult life; andΧάριτι Θεοῦ (Greek 'By the grace of God') reflecting Exeter's Calvinist origins, of which the only remnant today is the school's requirement that most students take two courses in religion or philosophy.[136]
There are several variants of school colors associated with Phillips Exeter Academy that range from crimson red and white to burgundy red and silver. Black is also a color associated with the school to a lesser extent. The official school colors are lively maroon and gray. The traditional school tie is a burgundy red tie with alternating diagonal silver stripes and silver lions rampant. The school’s athletic teams today wear the Pantone Matching System color PMS201.
Each summer, Phillips Exeter hosts over 780 students from various schools for a five-week program of academic study. The summer program accommodates a diverse student body typically derived from over 40 different states and 45 foreign countries.[219]
Exeter's summer school is divided into two programs of study: Upper School, which offers a wide variety of classes to students currently enrolled in high school who are entering grades ten through 12 as well as serving postgraduates; and Access Exeter, a program for students entering grades eight and nine, which offers accelerated study in the arts, sciences and writing as well as serving as an introduction to the school itself. Access Exeter curriculum consists of six academic clusters; each cluster consists of three courses organized around a focused central theme. Some of Exeter's summer school programs also give students the opportunity to experience studies outside of Exeter's campus environment, including interactions with other top schools and students, experience with Washington D.C., and travel abroad.[220]
The academy offers a number of workshops and conferences for secondary school educators. These include the Exeter Math Institute; the Exeter Humanities Institute; the Math, Science and Technology Conference; the Exeter Astronomy Conference; and the Shakespeare Conference.[221]
The "On Beyond Exeter" program offers one-week seminars for alumni. Most courses are held at the academy, but some meet in the locations central to the course's topic.
In 1965 Exeter became the second charter member (afterAndover) of theSchool Year Abroad program.[223] The program allows students to reside and study a foreign language abroad.
^Allis Jr., Frederick S. (1979).Youth from Every Quarter: A Bicentennial History of Phillips Academy, Andover. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 120–28.
^McLachlan, James (1970).American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 228.
^Allis, p. 148 (outlining that due to its closer ties to Harvard, Exeter was "less positively religious in its influence," and "concentrate[d] ... upon its special work of preparing boys for admission to college").
^McLachlan, pp. 223, 229 (explaining that the percentage of Exeter students attending college fell from 40% (1873–83) to 18% (1884–89), and the percentage of Exeter students matriculating at Harvard declined from 20% to 10% during this timeframe).
^Karabel, Jerome (2006).The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Revised ed.). New York:Mariner Books. p. 258.
^"WEBSTER, Daniel, (1782–1852)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. RetrievedDecember 14, 2013.
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^"Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946)".United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2018.Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. RetrievedApril 7, 2018.
^Vargas, Jose Antonio."The Face of Facenook; Mark Zuckerberg Opens Up"Archived February 18, 2020, at theWayback Machine,The New Yorker, September 20, 2010. Accessed March 21, 2017. "According to his Facebook profile, Zuckerberg has three sisters (Randi, Donna, and Arielle), all of whom he's friends with. He's friends with his parents, Karen and Edward Zuckerberg. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and attended Harvard University."
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^Wheeler, Carolynne; Reed, Christopher (July 15, 2004)."Obituary: Paul Klebnikov".The Guardian.Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. RetrievedApril 7, 2018.
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