| Philippa of Hainault | |
|---|---|
 Philippa's coronation, 15th-century illustration fromFroissart'sChronicles | |
| Queen consort of England | |
| Tenure | 24 January 1328 – 15 August 1369 |
| Coronation | 18 February 1330 |
| Born | 1310–1315 Valenciennes,County of Hainaut,Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 15 August 1369 (aged c. 56) Windsor Castle, England |
| Burial | 9 January 1370 |
| Spouse | |
| Issue more... | |
| House | Avesnes |
| Father | William I, Count of Hainault |
| Mother | Joan of Valois |
Philippa of Hainault (sometimes spelled Hainaut;Middle French:Philippe de Hainaut; 24 June 1310 (or 1315)[1][2][3] – 15 August 1369) wasQueen of England as the wife and political adviser ofKing Edward III.[4] She acted asregent in 1346,[5] when her husband was away for theHundred Years' War.
Daughter ofWilliam I, Count of Hainaut, and French princessJoan of Valois, Philippa was engaged to Edward, Prince of Wales, in 1326.[6] Their marriage was celebrated inYork Minster on 24 January 1328, some months after Edward's accession to the throne of England andIsabella of France's infamous invasion.[7] After her husband reclaimed the throne, Philippa influenced King Edward to take interest in the nation'scommercial expansion, was part of the successfulBattle of Neville's Cross, and often went on expeditions toScotland and France. She won much popularity with the English people for her compassion in 1347, when she successfully persuaded the King to spare the lives of theBurghers of Calais. This popularity helped maintain peace in England throughout their long reign.[8]
Philippa was born on 24 June c.1310/15, inValenciennes,Low Countries. She was one of eight children and the second of five daughters born fromWilliam I, Count of Hainaut, andJoan of Valois, granddaughter of KingPhilip III of France.[9] The RoyalHouse of Valois was a cadet branch of theCapetian dynasty, also known as theHouse of France.
KingEdward II decided that an alliance with Flanders would benefit England and sentBishop Stapledon of Exeter on the Continent as an ambassador. On his journey, he crossed into the county ofHainaut to inspect the daughters of Count William of Hainaut, to determine which daughter would be the most suitable as an eventual bride for young Prince Edward. The bishop's report to the King describes one of the Count's daughters in detail. A later annotation says it describes Philippa as a child, but historianIan Mortimer argues that it is actually an account of her older sister Margaret.[10] The description runs:
The lady whom we saw has not uncomely hair, betwixt blue-black and brown... Her face narrows between the eyes and its lower part is more narrow than her forehead. Her eyes are blackish-brown and deep. Her nose is fairly smooth and even, save that it is somewhat broad at the tip and flattened, and yet it is no snub-nose... Her lips are full, especially the lower lip... Her lower teeth project a little beyond the upper; yet this is but little seen... All her body is well set and unmaimed; and nought is amiss so far as a man may see. Moreover, she is brown of skin all over, much like her father. And she will be of the age of nine years on St. John's day next to come, as her mother said. She is neither too tall nor too short for such an age; she is of fair carriage. The damsel is well taught in all that becometh her rank and highly esteemed and well beloved by her parents and of all her meinie, in so far as we could inquire and learn the truth. In all things, she is pleasant enough, as it seems to us.[11]
Growing up in the Low Countries in the period when this region was growing into a major trading centre, Philippa was well versed infinances and diplomacy. Her older sisterMargaret succeeded their brotherWilliam II, Count of Hainaut, upon his death in battle. The counties ofHolland,Zeeland and the seigniory ofFrisia were devolved to Margaret after agreement between the sisters.[12]
Four years later, in the summer of 1326,Isabella of France, the Queen of England, arrived at the court of Hainaut to seek aid from Count William in order to depose her husband, Edward II, from the throne. Prince Edward had accompanied his mother to Hainaut, where she arranged the betrothal to 13-year-old Philippa in exchange for assistance. As the couple were second cousins (as great-grandchildren ofPhilip III of France), apapal dispensation was required;[13] it was sent fromPope John XXII atAvignon in September 1327. Philippa's retinue arrived in England in December, escorted by her uncleJohn of Hainaut. On 23 December, she reached London where a "rousing reception was accorded her".[14]
In October 1327, Philippa married Edwardby proxy through theBishop of Coventry in Valenciennes.[15] The official marriage was atYork Minster on 24 January 1328, eleven months after Edward's accession to the English throne; although the de facto rulers were Queen Mother Isabella and her lover,Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, who jointly acted as hisregents. Soon after their marriage, the couple retired to live atWoodstock Palace in Oxfordshire. Unlike many of her predecessors, Philippa did not alienate the English people by retaining her foreign retinue or bringing large numbers of foreigners to the English court. In August, herdower was fixed.[7] She became a patron of thechroniclerJean Froissart and owned severalilluminated manuscripts, one of which currently is housed in the national library in Paris. Froissart began to describe her as "The most gentle Queen, most liberal, and most courteous that ever was Queen in her days."
As Isabella did not wish to relinquish her own status, Philippa's coronation was postponed for two years. She was crowned queen on 18 February 1330 atWestminster Abbey, when she was almost five months pregnant.[16] She gave birth to her first son,Edward, the following June. In October 1330, King Edward commenced his personal rule by staging a coup and ordering the arrest of the regents. Shortly afterward, Mortimer was executed fortreason and the Queen Mother was sent toCastle Rising in Norfolk, where she spent a number of years under house arrest but with her privileges and freedom of movement eventually restored.
She was invested as aLady of the Order of the Garter (LG) in 1358.[17]
Philippa proved to be the model of a queen and worked tirelessly for the crown, maintaining balance between royal and familial duties admired in tumultuous times. She was widely loved and respected as a queen who managed to have a successful marriage with Edward.
As the financial demands of the recentHundred Years' War were enormous, Philippa wisely advised the King to take interest in the nation'scommercial expansion as a different method of covering theexpenses.[18] She established thetextile industry inNorwich by encouraging Flemish weavers to settle there[19] and promotedcoal mining inTynedale.[19]
While her husband was away for theHundred Years' War, she was appointed to serve asregent in 1346.[5]
In 1364 or 1365, Edward III demanded the return of Hainaut and other inheritances which had been given over to the dukes of Bavaria–Straubing in the name of Philippa, but he was unsuccessful as the custom in those regions favoured male heirs.[20]
Philippa served as regent of England during the absence of her spouse in 1346. Facing a Scottish invasion, she gathered the English army, fought the Scots at theBattle of Neville's Cross nearDurham, and rallied the English soldiers on horse before them prior to the battle. This event resulted in an English victory and theScottish King David II being taken prisoner, and held captive for eleven years.[5]
Philippa accompanied her husband on expeditions toScotland and the rest of Europe in the early campaigns of theHundred Years War, where she won acclaim for her gentle nature and compassion. She was also remembered for persuading her husband to spare the lives of theBurghers of Calais, whom he had planned to execute as an example to the townspeople following hissuccessful siege of that port.
On 15 August 1369, Queen Philippa died of an illness similar tooedema inWindsor Castle. She was given astate funeral six months later on 9 January 1370 and was interred atWestminster Abbey. Her alabastereffigy was executed by sculptorJean de Liège. Her tomb was placed on the northeast side of the Chapel of Edward the Confessor and on the opposite side of her husband's grandparents,Edward I andEleanor of Castile. Eight years later, Edward III died and was buried next to Philippa. By all accounts, their forty-year marriage had been happy.[21]
The Queen's College, Oxford was founded by her chaplainRobert de Eglesfield in her honour.[22]
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Philippa and Edward had thirteen children,[citation needed] including five sons who lived into adulthood. Three of their children died of theBlack Death in 1348.[24] The rivalry of their numerous descendants would bring about the long-running and bloody dynastic wars known as theWars of the Roses in the 15th century.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edward, the Black Prince | 15 June 1330 Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire | 8 June 1376 | Married his cousinJoan, Countess of Kent. Had issue (King Richard II of England). |
| Isabella | 16 June 1332 Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire | April 1379 or 17 June/5 October 1382 | MarriedEnguerrand VII de Coucy, 1stEarl of Bedford. Had issue. |
| Joan | 19 December 1333 or 28 January 1334[25] Tower of London | 2 September 1348 | Betrothed to KingPedro of Castile, but died ofthe plague before the marriage could take place. Two of Pedro's two daughters would later marry Joan's younger brothers,John andEdmund. |
| William of Hatfield | December 1336 Hatfield Manor House,Hatfield, South Yorkshire[26] | Died shortly after birth. | Buried at York Minster before 10 February 1337.[27] |
| Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence | 29 November 1338 Antwerp | 7 October 1368 | Married (1)Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster. Married (2)Violante Visconti, Marchioness of Montferrat. Had issue. |
| John, 1st Duke of Lancaster | 6 March 1340 Ghent | 3 February 1399 | Married (1)Blanche of Lancaster, member of the kingdom's most powerful and wealthiest family. Married (2)Infanta Constance of Castile. Married (3) his former mistressKatherine Swynford. Had issue (Henry IV of England and theDukes of Beaufort). |
| Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York | 5 June 1341 Kings Langley, Hertfordshire | 1 August 1402 | Married (1)Infanta Isabella of Castile and (2)Joan Holland (his 2nd cousin). Had issue. |
| Blanche | March 1342 Tower of London | Died shortly after birth. Buried at Westminster Abbey. | |
| Mary | 10 October 1344 Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire | September 1361 | MarriedJohn IV, Duke of Brittany. No issue. |
| Margaret | 20 July 1346 Windsor | 1 October/25 December 1361 | MarriedJohn Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. No issue. |
| Thomas | Summer 1347Windsor | September 1348 | Died in infancy of the plague. Buried at King's Langley Church, Hertfordshire.[a] |
| William of Windsor | before 24 June 1348 Windsor | before 5 Sep 1348 | Died in infancy. Buried at Westminster Abbey. |
| Thomas, 1st Duke of Gloucester | 7 January 1355 Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire | 8/9 September 1397 | MarriedEleanor de Bohun, co-heiress ofHumphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford. Had issue. |
Philippa is a character inThe Accursed Kings, a series of French historical novels byMaurice Druon. She was portrayed by Françoise Burgi in the 1972French miniseries adaptation of the series, and byMarie de Villepin in the 2005 adaptation.[29]
In 2003, she was voted as 5th on the list of100 Great Black Britons.[30] The decision to include her on the list was heavily criticised, with many historians commenting that there was no evidence to suggest that Philippa had any African ancestry.[31][b]
| Ancestors of Philippa of Hainault[33] |
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| English royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vacant Title last held by Isabella of France | Queen consort of England 24 January 1328 – 15 August 1369 | Vacant Title next held by Anne of Bohemia |
| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
