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| Trade names | see below |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Routes of administration | Oral,IM,IV |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 16,7% (rat)[5] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic —aromatic oxidation and C3-hydroxylation[6] |
| Onset of action | 1.5–4 hours |
| Eliminationhalf-life | 6–18 hours (active metabolite unknown) |
| Excretion | Renal |
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| CompTox Dashboard(EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.207.405 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C15H10BrClN2O |
| Molar mass | 349.61 g·mol−1 |
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 N Y (what is this?) | |
Phenazepam (also known inRussia asbromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) is abenzodiazepine drug, first developed in theSoviet Union in 1975,[7] and now produced in Russia and several other countries.
Phenazepam is used in the treatment of various mental disorders such as psychiatric schizophrenia and anxiety. It can be used as apremedication before surgery as it augments the effects of anesthetics. Recently,[when?] phenazepam has gained popularity as arecreational drug; misuse has been reported in the United Kingdom,[8] Finland,[9] Sweden,[10] and the United States.[11][12]
Usually, a course of treatment with phenazepam should not normally exceed 2 weeks (in some cases therapy may be prolonged for up to 2 months) due to the risk of drugabuse anddependence. To preventwithdrawal syndrome, it is necessary to reduce the dose gradually.[13]
Phenazepam is a drug of the benzodiazepine class. Benzodiazepine drugs contain a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring, which is a seven membered ring with the two nitrogen constituents located at R1 and R4. The benzyl ring of phenazepam is substituted at R7 with a bromine group. Like most benzodiazepines, phenazepam has a phenyl ring in R5 which is substituted by chlorine in the R2' group. Phenazepam also contains an oxygen group double bonded to R2 of its diazepine ring to form a ketone. This oxygen substitution at R2 is shared with other benzodiazepine drugs with the suffix -azepam.
Like other benzodiazepines, phenazepam (7-bromo-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) is composed of a benzene ring fused to a seven-membered 1,4-diazepine ring. A 2-chlorophenyl ring is attached at the 5-position and a bromine is attached at the 7-position. Phenazepam has a molecular formula of C15H10BrClN2O and a molecular weight of 349.6 g/mol.[14][15]
Side effects includehiccups,dizziness,loss of coordination anddrowsiness, along withanterograde amnesia which can be quite pronounced at high doses.[16] As with other benzodiazepines, in case of abrupt discontinuation following prolonged use, severe withdrawal symptoms may occur includingrestlessness,anxiety,insomnia,seizures,convulsions anddeath, though because of its intermediate half-life[17][18][19] as well as that of its active metabolites, these withdrawal symptoms may take two or more days to manifest.
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals withcomorbidpsychiatric disorders.[20]
Phenazepam should not be taken withalcohol or any other CNS depressants. Phenazepam should not be used therapeutically for periods of longer than one month including tapering on and off the drug as recommended for any benzodiazepine in the British national formulary. Some patients may require longer term treatment.
Phenazepam was found to be a component in some "herbal incense" mixtures in Australia and New Zealand in 2011, namely "Kronic". The particular product variety was withdrawn from the market shortly after and replaced with a new formulation.[21]
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First, 2-(o-chlorobenzoylamino)-5-bromo-2-chlorobenzophenone is prepared byacylation ofp-bromoaniline witho-chlorobenzoic acidacyl chloride in the presence of azinc chloride catalyst. This is hydrolysed with aqueoussulfuric acid to yield 2-amino-5-bromo-2'-chlorobenzophenone, which is then acylated withhydrochloride ofaminoacetic acidacyl chloride inchloroform to form 2-(aminomethylkarbonylamino)-5-bromo-2-chlorobenzophenonehydrochloride, which is converted to abase with aqueousammonia and then thermallycyclized to bromodihydrochlorophenylbenzodiazepine (phenazepam).
Hydrochloride of aminoacetic acid acyl chloride is prepared by chemical treating glycine withphosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) inchloroform.[22]
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This method of Phenazepam synthesis was developed in the 1970s at the Physico-Chemical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of theUkrainian SSR.[22]
Phenazepam may be measured in blood or plasma by chromatographic methods. Blood phenazepam concentrations are typically less than 30 μg/L during therapeutic usage, but have frequently been in the 100–600 μg/L range in automotive vehicle operators arrested for impaired driving ability.[23]
As of October 2015, phenazepam is a controlled substance in China.[24]
Under federal United States law, phenazepam is not currently classified as a controlled substance, as theFederal Analog Act only provides for automatic assumed classification of chemicals "substantially similar" to existing Schedule I or Schedule II drugs, whereas all controlled benzodiazepines under theControlled Substances Act are classified as Schedule IV. Although phenazepam is currently not controlled, sale for human use remains illegal in the United States.[25] Suppliers attempt to circumvent this regulation by placing a "Not for human use" disclaimer on the product's label.
Individual states in the United States often ban these analog drugs by name as they appear. Since 2012,Louisiana has classified phenazepam as a controlled dangerous substance.[26] This ban affects several products, some of which were sold at retail stores under the guise ofair freshener or similar, containing phenazepam yet claiming not to be for human use. This legislation was introduced after one such product, branded as "Zannie" and marketed as an air freshener rapidly gained publicity as the subject of numerous media reports, attracting the attention of officials.[27] The ensuing investigation effort, led by Senator Fred Mills and Louisiana Poison Center Director Mark Ryan, positively identified the active ingredient of "Zannie" as phenazepam. According to Ryan,chemical analysis identified the active ingredient as "100 percent phenazepam".[26]
Paul Halverson, director and state health officer for the Arkansas Department of Health, approved an emergency rule to ban the sale and distribution of phenazepam shortly after the Louisiana ban.
Alabama made Phenazepam a schedule I substance on March 18th, 2014.[28]
Phenazepam is a class C drug in the UK.[29]
The UK home office banned importation of phenazepam on Friday 22 July 2011[30] while it drafted legislation, released in January 2012[31] to become law at the end of March 2012.[32] The bill was quashed following advice from theACMD as it included two non-abusable steroids.[33] There was a new discussion about its fate on April 23, 2012, where it was decided that the bill would be rewritten and phenazepam would still be banned.[34]
It was eventually banned on June 13, 2012 as a class C, schedule II drug.[35]
Phenazepam was classified as a narcotic in Finland in July, 2014.[36]
Phenazepam is considered a narcotic in Norway, as per a March 23, 2010 Health Department addition to the Regular Narcotic List.
In Russia, phenazepam is a controlled substance since March 22, 2021.[37]
In Estonia, phenazepam is a Schedule IV substance under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act.[citation needed] Schedule IV is the lowest classification of psychoactive substances in Estonia. It includes prescribable drugs, including other benzodiazepines.
On 8 March 2016 at its 59th Session, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) added Phenazepam to relevant schedules of the Convention on Psychtropic Substances of 1971.[38]
RU:
sale for human consumption is prohibited in the United States except for research under strictly regulated terms