Pevek is a modern settlement established afterWorld War I to provide a port for the export of minerals as part of the expandingNorthern Sea Route. During the 1940s and 1950s, the area surrounding Pevek was the site of severalgulags where prisoners mineduranium. In recent years, many of the mines became unprofitable and have closed, causing many residents to move to more central regions in Russia and the port infrastructure to decay.
There are two theories for the origin of the town's name. The first is that it is derived from theChukchi word forfat; it was originally named for the nearby hillPeekin'ey, meaning "swollen mountain".[2] The more macabre theory is that the name is derived from the Chukchi word "Pagytkenay", meaning "smelly mountain".[2] Legend has it that a battle was fought on the site of the modern town between the local Chukchi andYukaghir peoples.[2] At the time, there was no tradition of burying the dead among the indigenous people, so the odor of rotting flesh was present for a long time.[2] This legend suggests a reason, why when Russian explorers first discovered the bay, they did not find any settlement, as the Chukchi refused to settle in the region following the battle and only brought their animals to pasture in the summer.[2]
The area around Pevek was already known to Russians by the mid-18th century, as the records of theGreat Northern Expedition document the discovery ofCape Shelag. Further references to the cape were made in the records of theBillings expedition, with Russian explorers first describingChaunskaya Bay in the 1760s.[2]
The earliest records of the settlement of Pevek were made by the writerTikhon Semushkin, who discovered aChukchi hunting lodge andyaranga in 1926.[2] By the mid-1930s, Pevek became an important port in the region, due to the natural harbor provided by Chaunskaya Bay, the expansion of theNorthern Sea Route, and the discovery oftin at the Pyrkakay mine (which would later be renamedKrasnoarmeysky) 60 kilometers (37 mi) away.[2] The discovery of minerals throughout this region meant Pevek had an important part to play in importing the required plant and machinery and exporting the extracted minerals and by 1950, the settlement had nearly 1,500 permanent residents.[2] On April 6, 1967, Pevek was granted town status.[3]
During the 1990s, after thedissolution of the Soviet Union, the town's population dropped by more than half as commercial navigation in the Arctic declined, and people began to gravitate towards the central Russian regions.[2] More or less regular shipping is presently[when?] to be found only fromMurmansk toDudinka in the west and betweenVladivostok and Pevek in the east. Ports between Dudinka and Pevek have virtually no shipping.[citation needed]
The workforce for the mines that provided theSoviet Union withtin anduranium throughout the large parts of the 20th century were prisoners in theGulag system.[2] There was a network of camps in the region itself, through which an uncertain number of criminal and political prisoners passed.[2] There are the remains of two large camps, "North" and "West", which continued to supply uranium during and afterWorld War II. Barracks dot the landscape and have the appearance of being hastily abandoned.[2] Large graveyards on the edge of the various encampments show that a large proportion of those sent to work in the mines did not survive.[2]
Pevek has atundra climate (KöppenET), with long, very cold winters, and short, cool summers. February is the coldest month, with average temperature of −27.5 °C (−17.5 °F), while July, with +8.7 °C (47.7 °F), is the warmest. Although the average temperature for July is below +10.0 °C (50.0 °F), sometimes it may be several degrees warmer with a record high average of +15.7 °C (60.3 °F) for July 2007. Sometimes, but very rarely, it happens that the lowest night temperature stays above +20.0 °C (68.0 °F), which is characteristic for subtropical areas with very mild climates. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −50.0 °C (−58.0 °F) on February 7, 8 and 10, 1978, and the highest was +29.2 °C (84.6 °F) on July 8, 2010.
The town is a large port on theNorthern Sea Route, the most important northern port inChukotka, although shipping levels have dropped significantly in recent years.[when?] The port is the eastern base of the northern sea route's Marine Operations Headquarters, run by theFar East Shipping Company (FESCO) from an icebreaker in the harbor,[16] though the port is still owned by the Russian Ministry of Transport.[17] The port's authority stretches as far as 125° east, just west of theLena River. Past this point, the western Marine Operations Headquarters, inDikson, has control.[16] The headquarters govern all routes that ships take when using the northern sea route, organizing convoys and providing up-to-date information on ice conditions throughout their sphere of influence.[16] Apart from FESCO, the port is also used by theArctic Shipping Company, based inTiksi, who take coal fromZheleny Mys to Pevek.[18]
Despite its prominence as the eastern Marine Operations Headquarters, the level of cargo the port has had to deal with in recent years[when?] has been declining rapidly. Although there is still gold mining aroundBilibino andLeningradsky, there is little in the way of cargo generation as a result of that industry.[19] The port is not a significant exporter of goods at all and is mainly responsible for dealing with the import of fuel (coal fromBeringovsky and oil from Europe and the United States) for the region, though in the second half of the 1990s even this activity rarely exceeded a few thousand tons, and in 1997,Mys Shmidta, traditionally the second most important of the northern Chukotkan ports, was handling nearly four times as much cargo.[20] The future does not look promising either, and although mining for other materials such as tin still occurs in the region, many of the mines have closed, being deemed unprofitable, and a number of settlements, such asIultin,Komsomolsky, and Krasnoarmeysky have been depopulated, with any remaining economic activity producing only very low cargo volumes at best.[19]
Chaunskaya Bay under ice. Pevek Peninsula is visible on the east side of the Bay. To the northeast isWrangel Island.
The result of the closing of the mines in the region is that many people have moved to other regions of Russia. This has caused the almost complete eradication of an export market as well as a corresponding drop in the required level of imports. This causes a lack of demand for the facilities at the port whose precarious profitability leads to a lack of investment. This decaying infrastructure is endemic across the northern sea route and makes the supply route unreliable. For example, winter fuel bound for Pevek did not arrive until the end of November in 1998;[21] this is for a port whose average sailing season lasts only until October 25.[17]
A slight recovery is perhaps indicated by an increase in cargo handled. In 1997, Pevek handled over 200,000 tons of cargo, second only toDudinka of the true northern sea route ports, with 1,143,000 tons.[22]
The port has a maximumship draft of 10.25 meters (33.6 ft).[17]
There is some mining in the area;tin,mercury,gold, andblack coal deposits are all located near the town. However, many of the mines that previously produced significant quantities of minerals for export have been deemed to become unprofitable and have closed. Most mining that takes place in the region is relatively low key. However, this level of activity is still sufficient to provide enough business to keep two processing plants in Pevek.[2]
A floating nuclear power plant,Akademik Lomonosov, is located in Pevek. It started commercial operation in May 2020. It has two small reactors that generate 35 megawatts of electricity each.[23]
Besides the port as a key transport link with the rest of Russia, the town is also served by thePevek Airport, located 17 kilometers (11 mi) to the northeast of the town in the village ofApapelgino, a locality established specifically to house the airport's staff.[2] The airport provides flights to major regional centers such asAnadyr andBilibino, as well as toMoscow.[2]
Pevek also has the most developed road infrastructure in the autonomous okrug. There is approximately 150 kilometers (93 mi) of year-round, paved roads going to local destinations such as the now abandoned settlement ofValkumey and the mines atKomsomolsky andKrasnoarmeysky. There is also anice road to Bilibino.[17]
^Polar Record 36. L. W. Brigham.The Northern Sea Route, 1998, pp. 19–24
^INSROP Working Paper No. 135. A. Granberg, G. Kobylkovsky, and V. Plaksin.Cargo-Forming Potential of Sakha (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous District and Other Far-Eastern Regions for the Northern Sea Route.
Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №33-ОЗ от 30 июня 1998 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №55-ОЗ от 9 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чукотского автономного округа "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня его официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №7 (28), 14 мая 1999 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #33-OZ of June 30, 1998On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #55-OZ of June 9, 2012On Amending the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
Правительство Чукотского автономного округа. Распоряжение №517-рп от 30 декабря 2008 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных образований Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Распоряжения №323-рп от 27 июня 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Распоряжение Правительства Чукотского автономного округа от 30 декабря 2008 года №517-рп». Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс". (Government of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Directive #517-rp of December 30, 2008On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Formations of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Directive #323-rp of June 27, 2011On Amending the Government of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Directive No. 517-rp of December 30, 2008. ).
Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №46-ОЗ от 29 ноября 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Чаунского района Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №125-ОЗ от 2 декабря 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение 2 к Закону Чукотского автономного округа "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Чаунского района Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №31/1 (178/1), 10 декабря 2004 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #46-OZ of November 29, 2004On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #125-OZ of December 2, 2011On Amending Appendix 2 of the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Chaunsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication date.).
Petit Futé Guide Book:Chukotka. Moscow, Avant-Garde Publishers, 2006.
Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР. Указ от 6 апреля 1967 г. «О преобразовании рабочего посёлка Певек Чаунского района Чукотского национального округа Магаданской области в город районного подчинения». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Decree of April 6, 1967On the Transformation of the Work Settlement of Pevek in Chaunsky District of Chukotka National Okrug of Magadan Oblast into a Town Under District Jurisdiction. ).
