ThePetticoat affair (also known as theEaton affair) was apolitical scandal involving members of PresidentAndrew Jackson'sCabinet and their wives, from 1829 to 1831. Led byFloride Calhoun, wife ofVice PresidentJohn C. Calhoun, these women, dubbed the "Petticoats", socially ostracized Secretary of WarJohn Eaton and his wife,Peggy Eaton, over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding the Eatons' marriage and what they deemed her failure to meet the "moral standards of aCabinet Wife".
The Petticoat affair rattled the entireJackson administration and eventually led to the resignations of Vice President Calhoun (the first such departure in U.S. history) and all but one Cabinet member. The ordeal facilitatedMartin Van Buren's rise to the presidency and was in part responsible for reducing Calhoun's stature from that of a nationwide political figure with presidential aspirations into a major sectional leader of theSouthern United States.
Margaret Eaton (née O'Neill) was the eldest daughter of William O'Neill, owner of the Franklin House, a boarding house and tavern located inWashington, D.C., a short distance from theWhite House, that was a well-known social hub popular with politicians and military officials. Known by her nickname "Peggy" she was well-educated for a woman of that era – she studied French and was known for her ability to play the piano.[1]William T. Barry, who later served asPostmaster General, wrote "of a charming little girl ... who very frequently plays the piano, and entertains us with agreeable songs".[2]
As a young girl, her reputation had already begun to come under scrutiny because of her employment in a bar frequented by men, as well as her casual bantering with the boarding house's clientele. In her later years, Peggy reminisced, "While I was still inpantalettes androlling hoops with other girls, I had the attention of men, young and old; enough to turn a girl's head."[3]
When Peggy was 15 years old, her father intervened to prevent her attempt to elope with an Army officer.[4] In 1816, the 17-year-old Peggy married 39 year oldJohn B. Timberlake, apurser in theUnited States Navy.[5] Timberlake had a reputation as a drunkard and was heavily in debt.[5] The Timberlakes became acquainted with John Eaton in 1818.[6] At the time, Eaton was a wealthy 28-year-old widower and newly elected U.S. Senator from Tennessee, despite not yet having reached the constitutionally-mandated minimum age of 30.[7] He was also a long-time friend of Andrew Jackson.[8]
Once Timberlake told Eaton of his financial troubles, Eaton unsuccessfully attempted to have the Senate pass legislation that would authorize payment of the debts Timberlake had accrued during his Naval service.[9] Eventually, Eaton paid Timberlake's debts and procured him a lucrative posting to the U.S. Navy'sMediterranean Squadron; many rumormongers in Washington society asserted that Eaton aided Timberlake as a means to remove him from Washington, in order for Eaton to socialize with Peggy.[10]
While with the Mediterranean Squadron, Timberlake died on April 2, 1828.[11] This served to fuel new rumors throughout Washington, suggesting he had taken his own life as the result of Eaton's supposed affair with Peggy.[5] Medical examiners concluded Timberlake had died of pneumonia, brought on by pulmonary disease.[1]
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 Booknotes interview with John Marszalek onThe Petticoat Affair, March 8, 1998,C-SPAN |
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Personal 7th President of the United States
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Jackson was elected presidentin 1828, with his term set to begin on March 4, 1829. He was reportedly fond of Peggy Timberlake and encouraged Eaton to marry her.[12] They were wed on January 1, 1829,[13] only nine months after her husband's death. Customarily, it would have been considered proper for their marriage to have followed a longermourning period.[14]
HistorianJohn F. Marszalek explains his opinion on the "real reasons Washington society found Peggy unacceptable":
She did not know her place; she forthrightly spoke up about anything that came to her mind, even topics of which women were supposed to be ignorant. She thrust herself into the world in a manner inappropriate for a woman. ... Accept her, and society was in danger of disruption. Accept this uncouth, impure, forward, worldly woman, and the wall of virtue and morality would be breached and society would have no further defenses against the forces of frightening change. Margaret Eaton was not that important in herself; it was what she represented that constituted the threat. Proper women had no choice; they had to prevent her acceptance into society as part of their defense of that society's morality.[15]
When Jackson assumed the presidency, he appointed Eaton asSecretary of War.Floride Calhoun,Second Lady of the United States, led the wives of other Washington political figures, mostly those of Jackson's cabinet members, in an "anti-Peggy" coalition, which served to shun the Eatons socially and publicly. The women refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons at their home and to receive them as visitors, and denied them invitations to parties and other social events.[16]
Emily Donelson, niece of Andrew Jackson's late wifeRachel Donelson Robards and the wife of Jackson's adopted son and confidantAndrew Jackson Donelson, served as Jackson's "surrogate First Lady".[17][18] Emily Donelson chose to side with the Calhoun faction, which led Jackson to replace her with his daughter-in-lawSarah Yorke Jackson as his official hostess.[19]Secretary of StateMartin Van Buren was a widower and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet; he raised himself in Jackson's esteem by aligning himself with the Eatons.[20]
Jackson's sympathy for the Eatons stemmed in part from his late wife Rachel being the subject of innuendo during the presidential campaign, when questions arose as to whether her first marriage had been legally ended before she married Jackson. Jackson believed these attacks were the cause of Rachel's death on December 22, 1828, several weeks after his election to the presidency.[21][22]
Eaton's entry into a high-profile Cabinet post helped intensify the opposition of Mrs. Calhoun's group. In addition, Calhoun was becoming the focal point of opposition to Jackson; Calhoun's supporters opposed a second term for Jackson because they wanted Calhoun elected president. In addition, Jackson favored and Calhoun opposed the protective tariff that came to be known as theTariff of Abominations. U.S. tariffs on imported goods generally favored Northern industries by limiting competition, but Southerners opposed them because the tariffs raised the price of finished goods but not the raw materials produced in the South.
The dispute over the tariff led to thenullification crisis of 1832, with Southerners – including Calhoun – arguing that states could refuse to obey federal laws to which they objected, even to the point of secession from the Union, while Jackson vowed to prevent secession and preserve the Union at any cost. Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration, Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy in an attempt to gain political leverage.[1]Duff Green, a Calhoun protégé and editor of theUnited States Telegraph, accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun Cabinet membersSamuel D. Ingham andJohn Branch removed from their positions.[23]
Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In 1830, reports had emerged which accurately stated that while Calhoun was Secretary of War and Jackson was amajor general in the U.S. Army, Calhoun had favored censuring Jackson for his1818 invasion of Florida. These reports infuriated Jackson.[24] Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of theSeminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters.[25] Calhoun published them in theTelegraph.[26] Their publication gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy, which further enraged the president.[25]
The dispute was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign, giving Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his Cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton Cabinet members. Postmaster GeneralWilliam T. Barry was the lone Cabinet member to stay, and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington, first as governor ofFlorida Territory, and then asminister to Spain.
On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a story appeared in theTelegraph stating that it had been "proved" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney GeneralJohn M. Berrien had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article.[27] Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true.[28] On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through Eaton's brother in law, Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and the second time threatened him with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation[29] and describing his situation as one of "pity and contempt". Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice.[30] Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city and returned safely to his home.[29] Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson asked Eaton to explain himself. Eaton admitted that he "passed by" the place where Ingham had been staying, "but at no point attempted to enter ... or besiege it".[31]
In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren as minister to Great Britain. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would "...kill him, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick."[32] However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy. This raised Van Buren even further in Jackson's esteem.[33] Van Buren succeeded Calhoun as vice president when Jackson won a second termin 1832.[34] Van Buren thus became thede facto heir to the presidency and succeeded Jackson in 1837.
Although Emily Donelson had supported Floride Calhoun, after the controversy ended Jackson asked her to return as his official hostess; she resumed these duties in conjunction with Sarah Yorke Jackson until returning to Tennessee after contracting tuberculosis, leaving Sarah Yorke Jackson to serve alone as Jackson's hostess.
John Calhoun resigned as vice president shortly before the end of his term and returned with his wife to South Carolina.[35] Quickly elected to the U.S. Senate, he returned to Washington not as a national leader with presidential prospects but as a regional leader who argued in favor ofstates' rights and the expansion of slavery.
In regard to the Petticoat affair, Jackson later remarked, "I [would] rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation."[36] To Jackson, Peggy Eaton was just another of many wronged women whom over his lifetime he had known and defended. He believed that every woman he had defended in his life, including her, had been the victim of ulterior motives, so that political enemies could bring him down.[37]
HistorianRobert V. Remini said that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless."[31] Historian Kirsten E. Wood argues that it "was a national political issue, raising questions of manhood, womanhood, presidential power, politics, and morality."[38]
The 1936 filmThe Gorgeous Hussy is a fictionalized account of the Petticoat affair. It featuresJoan Crawford as Peggy O'Neill,Robert Taylor as John Timberlake,Lionel Barrymore as Andrew Jackson, andFranchot Tone as John Eaton.[39][40]
7thVice President of the United States (1825-1832) • U.S. Senator from South Carolina (1832–1843, 1845–1850) •16thUS Secretary of State (1844-1845) • 10th US Secretary of War (1817-1825) | |||||
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