The 1832 acts extended the parliamentary borough of Peterborough to the entire parish of Saint John the Baptist (adding 48 qualifying properties[3]) and retained its two members.[3] (The rural portion of the Soke was included in theNorthern division of Northamptonshire.) Under theBoundary Act 1868, the area ofNew Fletton andWoodstone (south of the River Nene) was transferred from Huntingdonshire.[5] Under theRedistribution of Seats Act 1885, the borough's representation was reduced from two MPs to one.
The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton, Central, Dogsthorpe, East, Fletton, North, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville, Park, Paston, Ravensthorpe, Stanground, Walton and West[8]
The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton, Central, Dogsthorpe, East, North, Park, Paston, Ravensthorpe, Walton, Werrington and West[9]
The next redistribution, which came into effect for the1997 general election, saw the creation ofNorth West Cambridgeshire, which took the areas to the south of the River Nene (City of Peterborough wards of Fletton, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville andStanground).Werrington was transferred back from Huntingdon.
Following their review of parliamentary representation inCambridgeshire which came into effect for the2010 general election, theBoundary Commission for England made minor alterations to the existing constituencies to deal with population changes, primarily the transfer back of Thorney and Eye from North East Cambridgeshire. There were also marginal changes to take account of the redistribution of City of Peterborough wards. These changes increased the electorate from 64,893 to 70,640.[11] On the enumeration date of 17 February 2000, the electoral quota for England was 69,934 voters per constituency.[11]
The City of Peterborough wards of: Bretton; Central; Dogsthorpe; East; Eye, Thorney & Newborough; Gunthorpe; North; Park; Paston & Walton; Ravensthorpe; Werrington; West.[12]
Marginal loss due to further ward boundary changes.
The current constituency is composed of built-up areas of Peterborough to the north of the River Nene, as well as rural areas to the east and north and comprises approximately 60% of the electorate of the local authority of the City of Peterborough.[13] Remaining parts of the city, composed of residential areas to the south of the River Nene and rural areas to the west of Peterborough form part of theNorth West Cambridgeshire constituency.[10]
The Guildhall, Cathedral Square (1669–1671), site of the former Market Place.
In theunreformed House of Commons the franchise for borough seats varied enormously. Originally theDean of Peterborough and CathedralChapter had claimed the franchise and held that only residents of Minster Precincts wereburgesses and so entitled to vote. By theinterregnum, the city was one of 37 boroughs in whichsuffrage was restricted to those payingscot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. In 1800 there were 2,000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough. By 1835 this was 576, or about one per cent of the population.[14] Bribery was general until the introduction of thesecret ballot under theBallot Act 1872. Votes were cast by spoken declaration, in public, at thehustings, erected on the Market Place (now Cathedral Square).[15]
TheGreat Reform Act 1832 enfranchised those who owned or leased land worth £10 or more and theSecond Reform Act extended this to all householders paying £10 or more in rent per annum, effectively enfranchising the skilled working class, so by 1868 the percentage of voters in Peterborough had risen to about 20% of the population.[16] TheThird Reform Act extended the provisions of the previous act to the counties and theFourth Reform Act widened suffrage further by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This system, known asuniversal manhood suffrage, was first used in the1918 general election. However, full electoral equality would not occur until theFifth Reform Act ten years later.
According to the2001 census, the population count of Peterborough constituency is 95,103 persons, comprising 46,131 males and 48,972 females. 67.56% of those aged 16–74 are economically active, including 5.92% unemployed; a further 12.26% are retired and 3.08% students. Of a total 39,760 households, 63.80% are owner occupied, fewer than the regional (72.71%) and national (68.72%) averages.[17] Turnout at the 2005 general election was 41,194 or 61.0% of those eligible to vote, below the regional (63.6%) and national (61.3%) figures.
The Town Hall, Upper Bridge Street (1930–1933), formerly Narrow Street.
Peterborough sent two members to parliament for the first time in 1547. Before thecivil war, many were relatives of the clergy; then for two hundred years after therestoration there was always a Fitzwilliam, or a Fitzwilliam nominee, sitting as member for Peterborough, making it a Whig stronghold.[18] Representation was reduced to one member under theRedistribution of Seats Act 1885.[19]
From the formal merger of the breakaway Liberal Unionists with the Conservatives in 1912 and the absorption of ruralNorth Northamptonshire in 1918, Peterborough has been predominantly Conservative; however, it has electedLabour MPs several times from1929 onwards.
In 1966, in one of the closest polls in UK history, SirHarmar Nicholls held the seat by three votes after seven recounts. Nicholls was the Conservative member from 1950 to 1974, when he lost in theOctober election of that year to Labour's Michael Ward, having held on by just 22 votes after four recounts in theelection eight months earlier.[22] The growth in theNew Town from 1967 may in part account for Labour's victory here in 1974. In1979, however, Ward lost the seat to the ConservativeBrian Mawhinney, who would represent Peterborough for the entire duration of the incoming Conservative government and was aCabinet Minister andChairman of the Conservative Party during the second Major government (1992–97).
The seat was made more competitive in the 1997 boundary review by the formation of theNorth West Cambridgeshire seat, which incorporated the rural land outside Peterborough and several Conservative-inclined wards from the city. Since its formation, North West Cambridgeshire has been one of the safest Conservative seats in the country, whilst Peterborough was ranked 93rd in the Conservatives's one hundred most vulnerable seats (the ones which the other parties must take if there is to be a change ofgovernment) and 73rd on Labour's target list;[citation needed] these factors led Mawhinney to stand in North West Cambridgeshire instead. He retired as an MP in 2005 and was created Baron Mawhinney, of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire.
Helen Clark (née Brinton) won the seat for Labour in1997. She was defeated by Conservative candidateStewart Jackson at the2005 election, following which it was widely reported that Clark was planning to defect to the Conservative Party,[23] an announcement which was not popular locally.[24] However, by early June it emerged that while she had left the Labour Party, she had not in fact joined the Conservatives and did not intend to.[25]
Jackson was re-elected in2010 with an increased majority, which then fell in2015. In2017, Labour'sFiona Onasanya won a majority of 607; this result marked the first time since 1929 that Peterborough voted Labour in an election where the Conservatives won the national popular vote, and the first time it has ever elected a Labour MP in a year in which Labour did not form the government. Furthermore, Peterborough became one of five constituencies – the others beingCroydon Central,Enfield Southgate,Leeds North West andReading East – which elected Labour MPs in 2017 having not done so since2001.
The Tories (orAbhorrers) and Whigs (orPetitioners) originated in the Court and Country parties that emerged in the aftermath of the civil war, although it is more accurate to describe them as loose tendencies, both of which might be regarded as conservative in modern terms.[37] Modern party politics did not really begin to coalesce in Great Britain until at least 1784.
In 1832 the Tory Party evolved into the Conservative Party and in 1859 the Whig Party evolved, withRadicals andPeelites, into the Liberal Party. In opposition to Irishhome rule, the Liberal Unionists ceded from the Liberals in 1886, aligning themselves with the Conservatives. The Labour Party was later founded, as theLabour Representation Committee, in 1900.
Peterborough was redefined as aborough constituency with effect from theFebruary 1974 general election.[74] Successors of the historic parliamentary boroughs, the spending limits for election campaigns are slightly lower than in county constituencies.
Onasanya sat as an independent after she was suspended by the Labour Party in December 2018.[75][76] The seat became vacant on 1 May 2019 following a successfulrecall petition,[77] until 7 June 2019, when Lisa Forbes was elected to the constituency in the2019 Peterborough by-election, on behalf of theLabour Party.
General Election 1939–40Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected:
Caused by the 1852 by-election being declared void on petition due to bribery and treating.[109] Although Whalley secured the most votes, his election was declared void owing to disqualification due to the earlier bribery and treating, and Hankey was declared elected.[110]
^Fuidge, N. M."Peterborough". In Bindoff, S.T. (ed.).the House of Commons 1509–1558. Boydell and Brewer – via History of Parliament Online.
^abcdeSheepshanks, R; Talents, Wm Edwd (20 January 1832)."Peterborough".Reports from Commissioners on proposed division of counties and boundaries of boroughs v.2 pt 2. Parliamentary papers. Vol. 1832 HC 39 (141) 1. pp. 159–160 andfacing map.
^Bateson, Mary (1906)."Borough of Peterborough". In Serjeantson, R. M.; Adkins, William Ryland Dent (eds.).The Victoria history of the county of Northampton. Vol. 2. London: Constable. p. 429.
^abcS., Craig, Fred W. (1972).Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885–1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications.ISBN0900178094.OCLC539011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^abEngland., Boundary Commission for (2007).Fifth periodical report : presented to Parliament pursuant to section 3(5) of the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986. London: Sationery Office.ISBN9780101703222.OCLC85783106.
^Knight, CharlesPeterborough in 1840Old Towns of England Originally published inThe Penny Magazine by The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
^Forrester, E.G.Northamptonshire County Elections and Electioneering 1695–1832 Oxford University Press, 1941
^Pelling, Henry MathisonA Social Geography of British Elections 1885–1910 (pp.96–97 & 106–124) Macmillan, London, 1967
^Tebbs, Herbert F.Peterborough: A History (pp.192–194) The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979. See also Bromund, TedA Complete Fool's Paradise: The Attack on the Fitzwilliam Interest in Peterborough 1852 Parliamentary History, vol.12 no.1 (pp.47–67) Edinburgh University Press, 1993 and Howarth, JanetThe Liberal Revival in Northamptonshire 1880–1895: A Case Study in Late Nineteenth Century Elections The Historical Journal, vol.12 no.1 (pp.78–118) Cambridge University Press, 1969
^The History of Parliament The House of Commons: 1509–1558 (3 vols.) Bindoff, S. T., 1558–1603 (3 vols.) Hasler, P. W., 1660–1690 (3 vols.) Henning, Basil Duke, 1715–1754 (2 vols.) Sedgwick, Romney, 1754–1790 (2 vols.)Namier, Sir Lewis Bernstein andBrooke, John, 1790–1820 (5 vols.) Thorne, R. G. Martin Secker and Warburg (reissued by Her Majesty's Stationery Office) for the History of Parliament Trust, London, 1964–1986
^Craig, Frederick Walter ScottBritish Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1970 (4 vols.) Macmillan, London, 1971–1977 and Stenton, Michael and Lees, Stephen (eds.)Who's Who of British members of parliament 1832–1979: a biographical dictionary of the House of Commons based on annual volumes of Dod's Parliamentary Companion and other sources (4 vols.) Harvester Press, Hassocks, 1976–1981
^"Humphrey Orme was elected ... and there was an immediate complaint against his sitting on the grounds that he was neither a good puritan nor a stable parliamentarian;" see Tebbs, op. cit. (p.94). "Although its election committee certainly received and examined evidence concerning a disputed and possibly double return at Peterborough, it is not clear what part, if any, the Council played in the final decision in favour of Alexander Blake;" see Gaunt, PeterCromwell's Purge? Exclusions and the First Protectorate Parliament[dead link] (p.16) Parliamentary History, vol.6 no.1 (pp.1–22) May 1987. "The defeated candidate ... had allegedly been supported by disaffected and disqualified voters; Orme himself had married a recusant and was probably a Royalist sympathiser;" Ibid. at footnote 80 (p.21)
^Both terms were originally pejorative, deriving respectively fromtóraidhe, one of the dispossessed Irish who became outlaws andwhiggamor, aScots Gaelic word for a cattle or horse drover
^"Charles Parker ... in 1728, wasHigh Sheriff of Northamptonshire and at that time not pro-Fitzwilliam. His action at the election of that year led to a case before the Bar of the House of Commons to settle a controversy over the powers of the Bailiffs of the City [and of the Soke] as returning officer at the election. Parker, as Sheriff, sent the election writ to Robert Smith, the Bailiff of the Liberty who returned Earl Fitzwilliam [at that time in thePeerage of Ireland only] and an unknown nominee of [the Earl of Exeter] ... James Pix, the City's Bailiff, contested the return and won, so the sitting members ... were declared elected," even though Wortley Montagu had died six months earlier; see Tebbs, op. cit. (p.95) which incorrectly refers to Sidney's son Edward Wortley Montagu
^Pelling, loc. cit. confirms that Wentworth-Fitzwilliam contested the election against an official Liberal candidate and that the Conservative candidate withdrew in his favour. He became a Liberal Unionist the following year and died as a result of ariding accident in 1889
^abcdefghiCraig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services.ISBN0-900178-06-X.
^Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939
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