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According to theActs of the Apostles,chapter 10,Saint Peter had a vision of a vessel (Greek:σκεῦος,skeuos; "a certain vessel descending upon him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners") full of animals being lowered fromheaven (Acts 10:11). A voice from heaven told Peter to kill and eat, but since the vessel (or sheet, ὀθόνη,othonē) containedunclean animals, Peter declined. The command was repeated two more times, along with the voice saying, "What God hath made clean, that call not thou common" (verse 15) and then the vessel was taken back to heaven (verse 16).
At this point in the narrative, messengers sent fromCornelius the Centurion arrive and urge Peter to go with them. He does so, and mentions the vision as he speaks to Cornelius, saying "God hath shewed me that I should not call any man common or unclean" (Acts 10:28). Peter related the vision again inActs 11:4–9.
Simon J. Kistemaker suggests that the lesson God taught Peter in this vision is that "God has removed the barriers he once erected to separate his people from the surrounding nations."[1]: 378 Kistemaker argues that it means Peter has to acceptGentile believers as full members of theChristian Church, but also that God has made all animals clean, so that "Peter with his fellowJewish Christians can disregard thefood laws that have been observed since the days ofMoses."[1]: 380 Albert Mohler, President of Southern Seminary, writes:[2]
As the Book of Acts makes clear, Christians are not obligated to follow this holiness code. This is made clear in Peter's vision in Acts 10:15. Peter is told, 'What God has made clean, do not call common.' In other words, there is nokosher code for Christians. Christians are not concerned with eating kosher foods and avoiding all others. That part of the law is no longer binding, and Christians can enjoy shrimp and pork with no injury to conscience.
Luke Timothy Johnson andDaniel J. Harrington write that this episode heralds a radical change in Peter's "identity as a member of God's people,"[3]: 187- but also that "the implication is that all things God created are declared clean by him, and are not affected by human discriminations."[3]: 184
On the other hand, both theSeventh-day Adventist Church and theUnited Church of God (UCG) argue that Peter's statement in verse 28 indicates that the divine disclosure reflected only a teaching about people,[4] and not one about food. The United Church of God argues that this is an "often-misunderstood section of the Bible",[5] and that "the puzzling vision could not be annulling God's instructions."[5] As such, Adventists and followers of the UCG traditionally observe theOld Testament dietary restrictions, which, like the still upheldJewish dietary laws, forbid the consumption of pork, shellfish (including shrimps and lobsters), any carnivores, any herbivores that are not ruminants, and any ruminants that do not have split hooves, among others.
Peter's triple refusal described inActs 10:16 echoes thedenial of Peter described in theSynoptic Gospels.[6][7]
Peter's vision was rarely shown in art, but has been illustrated with pen-and-ink drawings byRembrandt and a variant by his pupilvan Hoogstraten. Rembrandt was probably reacting to a painting of the subject byDomenico Fetti which was then in Amsterdam, and is now inVienna.[8] It also appears in the "Altar of St. Peter" inSeville Cathedral, attributed toFrancisco de Zurbarán.[9][10]
