| Peshitta | |
|---|---|
.jpg) 9th-century manuscript | |
| Full name | ܡܦܩܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐmappaqtâ pšîṭtâ |
| Other names | Peshitta, Peshittâ, Pshitta, Pšittâ, Pshitto, Fshitto |
| OT published | 2nd century |
| NT published | 3rd-5th century[1] |
| Translation type | Syriac language |
| Religious affiliation | Syriac Christianity |
ܒܪܵܫܝܼܬܼ ܒ̣ܪܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܝܵܬ݂ ܫܡܲܝܵܐ ܘܝܵܬ݂ ܐܲܪܥܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܥܵܐ ܗ̣ܘܵܬ݂ ܬܘܿܗ ܘܒ݂ܘܿܗ ܘܚܸܫܘܿܟ݂ܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܐܲܦܲܝ̈ ܬܗܘܿܡܵܐ ܘܪܘܼܚܹܗ ܕܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܡܪܲܚܦܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܐܲܦܲܝ̈ ܡܲܝ̈ܵܐ ܘܐܸܡ̣ܲܪ݂ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ: ܢܸܗ̣ܘܸܐ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܘܲܗ̣ܘܵܐ ܢܘܼܗܪܵܐ ܗܵܟ݂ܲܢܵܐ ܓܹܝܪ ܐܲܚܸܒ݂ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܠܥܵܠܡܵܐ ܐܲܝܟܲܢܵܐ ܕܠܲܒ݂ܪܸܗ ܝܼܚܝܼܕ݂ܵܝܵܐ ܢܸܬܸܠ ܕܟ݂ܿܠ ܡ̇ܲܢ ܕܲܡܗܲܝܡܸܢ ܒܸܗ ܠܵܐ ܢܹܐܒ݂ܲܕ݂ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܢܸܗܘܘܼܢ ܠܸܗ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܠܥܵܠܲܡ | |
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ThePeshitta (Classical Syriac:ܦܫܺܝܛܬܳܐorܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐpšīṭta) is the standard Syriacedition of the Bible for theSyriac churches and traditions that follow theliturgy of the Syriac rites.
The Peshitta is originally and traditionally written in theClassical Syriac dialect of theAramaic language, although editions of the Peshitta can be translated and/or written in differentlanguages.
The general consensus within Peshitta scholarship is that theOld Testament was translated intoSyriac, largely fromHebrew with some supplementation from theSeptuagint andTargums, byJews (at least theTorah,Chronicles andProverbs) andJewish-Christians conversant withJewish exegetical traditions, by or before the 2nd century CE, and theNew Testament was translated fromKoine Greek, probably in the early 5th century.[2][3] This New Testament, originally excluding certaindisputed books (2 Peter,2 John,3 John,Jude,Revelation), had become a standard by the early 5th century. The five excluded books were added in theHarklean Version (616 CE) ofThomas of Harqel.[4][5][6] The New Testament of the Peshitta often reflects theByzantine text-type, although with some variations.[7][8]
Peshitta is derived from the Syriacmappaqtâ pšîṭtâ (ܡܦܩܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ), literally meaning "simple version". However, it is also possible to translatepšîṭtâ as "common" (that is, for all people), or "straight", as well as the usual translation as "simple".
Syriac is a dialect, or group of dialects, of EasternAramaic, originating aroundEdessa, and is written inits own alphabet. This is transliterated into theLatin script in a number of ways, generating different spellings of the name:Peshitta,Peshittâ,Pshitta,Pšittâ,Pshitto,Fshitto. All of these are acceptable, butPeshitta is the most conventional spelling in English.
The Peshitta had from the 5th century onward a wide circulation in Asia, and was accepted and honored by the whole diversity of sects of Syriac Christianity. It had a great missionary influence: the Armenian and Georgian versions, as well as the Arabic and the Persian, owe much to the Syriac. TheNestorian tablet ofChang'an shows the presence of the Syriac scriptures in China in the 8th century.
The Peshitta was first brought to Europe byMoses of Mardin, a noted Syrian ecclesiastic who unsuccessfully sought a patron for the work of printing it in Rome and Venice. However, he was successful in finding such a patron in theImperial Chancellor of theHoly Roman Empire at Vienna in 1555—Albert Widmanstadt. He undertook the printing of the New Testament, and theemperor bore the cost of the special types which had to be cast for its issue in Syriac.Immanuel Tremellius, the converted Jew whose scholarship was so valuable to the English reformers and divines, made use of it, and in 1569 issued a Syriac New Testament in Hebrew script. In 1645, theeditio princeps of the Old Testament was published byGabriel Sionita for theParis Polyglot, and in 1657 the whole Peshitta was included in Walton'sLondon Polyglot. An edition of the Peshitta was that of John Leusden and Karl Schaaf, and it is still quoted under the symbol "Syrschaaf", or "SyrSch".
In adetailed examination of Matthew 1–14,George Gwilliam found that where texts differ, the Peshitta agrees with theTextus Receptus only 108 times and with theCodex Vaticanus 65 times. Meanwhile, in 137 instances it differs from both, usually with the support of the Old Syriac and the Old Latin, and in 31 instances it stands alone.[9]
A statement by thechurch fatherEusebius thatHegesippus "made some quotations from the Gospel according to the Hebrews and from the Syriac Gospel", means we should have a reference to a Syriac New Testament as early as 160–180 CE, the time of that Hebrew Christian writer. The translation of the New Testament has been admired by Syriac scholars, who have deemed it "careful, faithful, and literal" with it sometimes being referred to as the "Queen of the versions".[10]
The standardUnited Bible Societies 1905 edition of the New Testament of the Peshitta was based on editions prepared bySyriacistsPhilip E. Pusey (d. 1880), Gwilliam (d. 1914) andJohn Gwynn.[11] These editions comprised Gwilliam & Pusey's 1901 critical edition of the gospels, Gwilliam's critical edition ofActs, Gwilliam & Pinkerton's critical edition ofPaul's Epistles and John Gwynn's critical edition of the General Epistles and later Revelation. This critical Peshitta text is based on a collation of more than seventy Peshitta and a few other Aramaic manuscripts. All 27 books of the common WesternCanon of the New Testament are included in this British & Foreign Bible Society's 1905 Peshitta edition, as is theadultery pericope (John 7:53–8:11). The 1979 Syriac Bible, United Bible Society, uses the same text for its New Testament. TheOnline Bible reproduces the 1905 Syriac Peshitta NT in Hebrew characters.
English
Malayalam
Although physical evidence has yet to be found, 18th-century Maronite OrientalistGiuseppe Assemani[12] stated in hisBibliotheca Orientalis that a Syriac Gospel dated 78 CE was found in Mesopotamia.[13][14][15]
The following manuscripts are in the British Archives:
The hypothesis that the Peshitta version of the New Testament was made by or for Rabbula, bishop of Edessa, probably in the early years of his episcopate, which extended from A.D. 411 to 435 ... The hypothesis of the Rabbulan authorship of the Peshitta New Testament soon came to be adopted by almost all scholars, being persuaded perhaps more by the confidence with which Burkitt propounded it than by any proof other than circumstantial evidence.
Printed editions of the Peshitta frequently contain these books in order to fill the gaps. D. Harklean Version. The Harklean version is connected with the labors of Thomas of Harqel. When thousands were fleeing Khosrou's invading armies ...
This sacred book was finished on Wed., the 18th day of the month Conun, in the year 389.
This sacred book was finished on Wed., the 18th day of the month Conun, in the year 389.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Attribution
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain: Nicol, Thomas. "Syriac Versions" in (1915)International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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