| Peruvian Armed Forces | |
|---|---|
| Fuerzas Armadas del Perú | |
.svg) | |
| Founded | 28 July 1821; 204 years ago (1821-07-28) |
| Service branches |  Peruvian Army Peruvian Navy Peruvian Air Force |
| Headquarters | Lima, Peru |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-chief |  PresidentDina Boluarte |
| Minister of Defence |  Walter Astudillo |
| Chief of the Joint Command |  Army General David Ojeda Parra |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 |
| Conscription | No |
| Active personnel | 120,000 (2019)[1] |
| Reserve personnel | 386,000 (2019)[1] |
| Expenditure | |
| Budget | $2 131 967 871 (2022 est.)[2] |
| Percent of GDP | 1.5% (2006 est.) |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers | List of suppliers Former :  Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Related articles | |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Peru |
ThePeruvian Armed Forces (Spanish:Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) are the military services ofPeru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country'sindependence,sovereignty and territorialintegrity against any threat.[4][5] As a secondary mission they participate in economic and social development as well as incivil defence tasks.[6][7]
TheNational Police of Peru is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organisation and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as ananti-terrorist force have produced markedlymilitary characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately 140,000 personnel. The Peruvian armed forces report through theMinistry of Defence, while the National Police of Peru report through the Ministry of Interior.
ThePeruvian Army was officially established on 18 August 1821 when the Peruvian Guard Legion was established by the government of generalJosé de San Martín during thePeruvian War of Independence.[8] San Martín would found thePeruvian Navy months later on 8 October 1821.
The first international conflict fought by the newly formed republic was theGran Colombia-Peru War, a maritime and terrestrial conflict against the state of theGran Colombia, which was formed by the current-day states ofColombia,Ecuador,Panama andVenezuela. In early 1828, an incursion of Colombian troops in Bolivia sent bySimon Bolivar with the objective of gaining a foothold and influence in the country, forced Peru to launch a campaign against Bolivia to successfully force the Colombian expeditionary force to leave the country. Furious, Bolivar resolved to declare war against Peru on June 3, 1828, with former president of BoliviaAntonio Jose de Sucre being appointed Commander of the Colombian Army. The Peruvian Navy immediately proceeded to occupy and establish blockades along the Gran Colombia coasts, winning the first confrontation in theBattle of Punta Malpelo, forcing the Colombians to retreat. Victorious, the Peruvian navy set its sights on the strategic port ofGuayaquil and proceeded to attack it at theBattle of Cruces, which saw the destruction of the Grancolombian pacific fleet and the naval blockade of the city of Guayaquil until the end of the conflict. In the land, the ties were more balanced, with the outnumbered Peruvian Army seizing the city ofCuenca on the Battle of Saraguro on February 13, 1829, and pushing north near Guayaquil. However, Venezuelan general De Sucre inflicted a defeat on the Peruvians at theBattle of Tarqui. The vastly outnumbered 900 Peruvian infantrymen were forced to retreat against the approaching 4,500 Grancolombian counterattack force in order to evade an encirclement. After the battle, Peru adopted a defensive strategy, establishing defensive lines along theJaen andMaynas, which were claimed by the Grancolombians and one of their motivations for the war. After a series of skirmishes, the Peruvian army was able to hold those provinces, but had to end the occupation of Guayaquil. On February 28, 1829, Peruvian president La Mar and Sucre signed the La Mar-Sucre convention, which ended hostilities but left the borders on an ambiguous state. Yet, this was seen as a political win by the Peruvians, as holding these provinces opened the way of annexation, which would later be the cause of several Peruvian-Ecuadorian wars after the dissolution of the Gran Colombia in 1830.
The next major conflict faced Peru against the newly independent state of Ecuador in theEcuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860), the first of the main conflicts between these two countries. The conflict originated due to the international debt Ecuador, as the Gran Colombia, had to take from European creditors, mainly British, after the war of independence from Spain. Wanting to find a source of income, finances minister Francisco de Paula gave the creditors rights to several territories in the forest, some of them over disputed lands with Peru. This caused a Peruvian protest, as the controversy of the lands, specifically of the northern half of theDepartment of Loreto in Peru was a major point of contention first with the Gran Colombia, and then with Ecuador and Colombia. Ecuador reinstated its sovereign over the lands north of the Amazon, and assured British creditors of their rights over that territory. Thus, on October 26, 1858, the Peruvian congress authorized presidentRamón Castilla to command and army against Ecuador if needed to secure the national territory against European creditors. A blockade against Ecuadorian ports was also preferred. On November 1, 1858, the first Peruvian frigate arrived in Ecuadorian waters, and the start of the blockade of Guayaquil and Quito started. By this time, Ecuador was facing an internal crisis, called by Ecuadorian history books as the “Terrible Year”, in which a number of different politicians were fighting for control of the country as its coasts were in the middle of a blockade. Receiving no response from an unified Ecuadorian government, Castilla ordered 5,000 of his troops to advance into the Ecuadorian province of “Mapasingue”, near Guayaquil, in order to force Ecuador to accept the Peruvians terms and to abandon its desires on the Amazon. Force by military action, the four governments vying for control of Ecuador selected caudilloGuillermo Franco as the sole representative of the country, signing the Treaty of Mapasingue with Castilla, thus agreeing to the Peruvian terms and stating the withdrawal of Peruvian troops from Ecuador. This angered the Ecuadorians, which called Franco as a traitor for collaborating with the Peruvians, and ousted him in theBattle of Guayaquil. This action strengthened the Peruvian position on the Amazon, which would not be challenged until the next century.
TheWar of the Pacific, a conflict between theBolivia-Peru alliance andChile resulted with one of the armed forces' worst failures as Chilean troops occupied the capital ofLima and the southern provinces, with Peru ceding the mineral-richArica Province to Chile after signing theTreaty of Ancón and later treaties. The incompetence of the government and military was so great during the War of the Pacific period that it led to an intellectual movement dedicated to restoring pride for Peru, creating modernPeruvian nationalism.[9]
On 20 May 1929, thePeruvian Air Force was created as the Peruvian Aviation Corps when the aviation units of the army and navy merged. FollowingWorld War II and theEcuadorian–Peruvian War, theJoint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru was created in 1957 after observations were made that the branches needed a centralized organization to coordinate the activities of the branches.
When the government ofManuel Prado Ugarteche attempted to move political power to civilians, the military became upset with the new approach.[10] In addition, the1962 Peruvian general election saw the rise of theAmerican Popular Revolutionary Alliance, with the armed forces and traditionalaristocrats viewing their platform ofland reform and the political inclusion of theindigenous peoples of Peru as a threat.[10] AfterFernando Belaúnde, a presidential candidate in election, raised concerns of electoral fraud, the military would support Belaúnde and would commit the1962 Peruvian coup d'état against President Prado.[10]
TheRevolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru led the nation following the1968 Peruvian coup d'état, first headed byJuan Velasco Alvarado, who institutedleft-wing policies that includednationalizing the economy and enacting thePeruvian Agrarian Reform. During the Revolutionary Government, the nation's debt increased heavily as a result of excessive borrowing and the1970s energy crisis.[11] Following theTacnazo and subsequent overthrow of Velasco in 1975,Francisco Morales Bermúdez would lead the Revolutionary Government until 1980, with his military government participating in the political repression of leftists duringOperation Condor.[12]
During the government ofAlan García, the nation would begin to begin to experiencehyperinflation and increased the beginning of theinternal conflict in Peru withShining Path.[13] The armed force's perception that President Garcia's policies were detrimental to the nation resulted with the creation ofPlan Verde, aclandestinemilitary operation that involved thegenocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control orcensorship of media in the nation and the establishment of aneoliberal economy controlled by amilitary junta in Peru.[14][15][13][16] A coup initially included in the plan was opposed byAnthony C. E. Quainton, theUnited States Ambassador to Peru.[17][18] Military planners also decided against the coup as they expectedMario Vargas Llosa, a neoliberal candidate, to be elected in the1990 Peruvian general election.[17][18] Vargas Llosa later reported that Ambassador Quainton, personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of theCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) purportedly being supportive of the candidacy of his opponent,Alberto Fujimori, were authentic,[19] with Rendón writing that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship withVladimiro Montesinos, who had previously been charged with spying on the Peruvian armed forces for the CIA.[16][19]
Fujimori was elected president of Peru in 1990, planning a coup with his military handlers during his next two years in office, with Fujimori becoming afigurehead leader[20] and adopting many of the objectives ofPlan Verde following the1992 Peruvian self-coup.[16][17][21][22] During the Fujimori administration, Montesinos would assume control of the government and placed weak officers as branch heads in order to maintain control, with every military branch's leader being personally filled by Montesinos.[23] During this time, the armed forces'Grupo Colinadeath squad would kill dozens during various massacres in Peru and the military would participate in theCenepa War againstEcuador in 1995.
Following the downfall of Fujimori and Montesinos, the use of theterruqueo in the beginning of the twenty-first century was used to influence the public instead of violence performed by the military, though its use would provide impunity to members of the armed forces who violently responded to protests in the nation.[24][25][26] Following the2022 Peruvian political crisis,widespread protests occurred throughout Peru; the armed forces performedhuman rights violations against demonstrators[27][28] and the politicization of the armed forces created concerns about the creation of acivilian-military government in Peru.[29][30]
The Joint Command of the Armed Forces is tasked with the mission to "plan, prepare, coordinate and conduct military operations and actions to guarantee independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity and support the national development of Peru".[31] This branch of the armed forces was developed in the 1950s followingWorld War II, when Peru evaluated operational tactics used and adapted them to their own military.[32] On 1 February 1957, the Joint Command was created following a commission of defense agencies studied its role, with the Joint Command depending directly on the President of Peru while also being "the highest step in the planning and coordination of the operations of the Army, Navy and Aeronautics Forces".[32]
.jpg)
Headquartered inLima, it has a strength of 90,000 troops divided in four military regions with headquarters inPiura, Lima,Arequipa andIquitos. Every military region is assigned severalbrigades of which there are different types, includinginfantry,cavalry andarmored. There are also several groups and battalions which operate independently of the army's organization.
The equipment of the Peruvian Army includes infantry weapons that include rifles and carbines such as theM16A2 and theM4A1 and pistols like theFN Five-seveN andSmith & Wesson M&P9.
Vehicles include several types oftanks (T-55 andAMX-13),armoured personnel carriers (M-113,UR-416),artillery (D30,M101,M109 andM114howitzers), antiaircraft systems (ZSU-23-4 Shilka) and helicopters (Mil Mi-2,Mil Mi-17). Recently, Peru has sought to update their collection of tanks and armored personnel carriers that have not been updated since acquiring vehicles from the Soviet Union. After an initial deal with China fell through, Peru has attempted to make a deal withGeneral Dynamics to purchase new military vehicles.[33]
The Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Perú) is organized in five naval zones headquartered in Piura, Lima, Arequipa, Iquitos andPucallpa. It has a strength of around 25,988 troops divided between the Pacific Operations and the Amazon Operations General Commands and the Coast Guard.[citation needed][when?]
The Pacific fleetflagship is the guided-missile cruiserBAPAlmirante Grau (FM-53), named for the 19th-century Peruvian Admiral who fought in theWar of the Pacific (1879–1883). The fleet also includes 7Lupo class frigates (two built in Peru), 6PR-72P class corvettes, 2Pohang-class corvettes, several amphibious ships, 2Type 209/1100 and 4Type 209/1200 class German-built diesel submarines (the biggest submarine force in South America), as well as patrol vessels, tankers and cargo ships. The Peruvian Navy also has anaval aviation force, several naval infantry battalions and special forces units.[citation needed]
The Peruvian Marines date back to 6 November 1821, when the Peruvian Navy requested a battalion of soldiers. Its first battle was an attack on the Spanish, successfully taking the city ofArica (today Tacna). Into the mid-20th century, the Peruvian Marines modernized their equipment and by the 1980s with theShining Path emerging as a new threat to Peru, the Marines began to be tasked with counterterrorism operations.[citation needed]
As part of the Peruvian Navy, the Peruvian Marines utilize the equipment and logistics of the Navy. Various Marine battalions are based in Ancón, Iquitos, Mollendo, Pucallpa, Puno and Tumbes. The Peruvian Marines also have a Special Forces composed of the Espíritus Negros and Fuerza Delta, based on the AmericanDelta Force andUS Army Rangers.[citation needed]
On May 20, 1929, the aviation divisions of the Peruvian army and navy were merged into the Peruvian Aviation Corps (CAP,Cuerpo de Aviación del Peru). In 1950, the corps was reorganized again and became the Peruvian Air Force (FAP,Fuerza Aérea del Perú).
The Peruvian Air Force is divided into six wing areas, headquartered in Piura,Chiclayo, Lima, Arequipa,Rioja and Iquitos. With a strength of 17,969 troops, the FAP counts in its arsenal withMiG-29 (interceptor) andMirage 2000 (interdictor /multirole aircraft).
It also hasSu-25 close-support aircraft,Mi-25 attack helicopters,Mi-17 transport helicopters,Aermacchi MB-339,Embraer EMB-312 Tucano subsonic training aircraft, and theCessna A-37B for light attack andCOIN missions.
In 1995, the FAP took part in theCenepa War againstEcuador covering operations by the army and navy. After the war, the FAP began acquiring new aircraft, especiallyMiG-29 fighters andSu-25 close air support aircraft which are, along with theMirage 2000 fighters, the main combat elements of the FAP.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.
a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention
important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan
The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ...Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Green Plan was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration
terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
| Service Branches | | |
|---|---|---|
| Wars and Conflicts | ||
| Related dependencies | ||
