 | |
 Peru |  Spain |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Peru, Madrid | Embassy of Spain, Lima |
Peru-Spain relations(Spanish: Relaciones Perú y España) are the foreign, diplomatic and historical ties between theRepublic of Peru and theKingdom of Spain in 1879. Both nations are members of theAssociation of Academies of the Spanish Language,Organization of Ibero-American States, theLatin Union and theUnited Nations.
Peru and Spain share a long history since the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadores led byFrancisco Pizarro in 1532. In 1534, the Spanish and theIndian auxiliaries succeeded in overcoming theInca Empire (which stretched from present-dayEcuador,Peru,Bolivia,Chile, andArgentina) and claimed the territory forSpain.[1] In 1535, Spain founded the city ofLima, which would become the seat of power and the capital of theViceroyalty of Peru from 1542, and at its maximum expansion incorporated most of the nations ofSouth America.[2] The viceroyalty was made up of all the indigenous nobles, that is, all the descendants of theInca nobility and theroyal panakas. Those indigenous descendants of the greatcoastal and Andean macro-ethnic groups were also recognized nobles.[3]
In the early 1780s, local highland indigenous peoples engaged in widespread uprisings, most notably theRebellion of Tupac Amaru II, hoping to restore the incanate. However, the revolts were defeated by Spanish troops.[4]
Like many Latin-American nations in the early 19th century, Peru experienced a wave of awareness and possibility of independence from Spain. However, unlike most Latin American nations, Peru's independence was conducted primarily by outsiders.[4] On 28 July 1821,José de San Martín declared the independence of Peru.[4] It wouldn't be until December 1824 when the forces ofSimón Bolívar entered Peru and the country fully obtained its independence.[4]
In 1864, Peru, along withBolivia,Chile, andEcuador, declared war on Spain when Spanish forces occupied theGuano richChincha Islands just off the coast of Peru. TheChincha Islands War lasted until 1866 after theBattle of Callao when Spanish forces bombarded the port city and returned to Spain.[5] In August 1879, Spain officially recognized the independence of Peru and representatives of both nations signed aTreaty of Peace and Friendship inParis and therefore establishing diplomatic relations.[6]
During theSpanish Civil War (1936-1939), the Peruvian embassy inMadrid was host to over 370 Spanish asylum seekers and Peruvian nationals trying to leave the country.[7] Because the embassy was hosting Spanish nationals, government forces stationed soldiers at the entrance of the Peruvian embassy and consulate to ensure that they would capture any Spanish nationals trying to flee from the embassy. As a result, the Peruvian government issued a letter denouncing the government and their tactics.[7] Due to the tense relationship between the two nations during this time period, Peru and Spain severed diplomatic relations in March 1938, however, once GeneralFrancisco Franco took power, both nationsre-established diplomatic relations in February 1939. In June 1939, both nations re-opened their embassies in each other's capitals, respectively.[7]
In 1949, theSpanish government donated thePalacio de la Trinidad toPeru to host its embassy, while the latter donated a 10,000m2 terrain in the southeastern corner ofEl Campo de Marte in reciprocity.[8] In 1969, both areas were returned to their original countries.[9]
Over the years, both Peru and Spain have signed numerous agreements such as: agreements on air transport and trade relations (1954); agreement on dual citizenship (1959); social security agreement (1964) and cultural cooperation (1967).[7]
In November 1978, Spanish KingJuan Carlos I paid an official visit to Peru, his first to the country.[10] Since then, members of the Spanish royal family and government officials would visit Peru on numerous occasions. In 1991, Peruvian President,Alberto Fujimori, paid an official state visit to Spain, the first by a Peruvian head of state.[11]
In May 2018, Peru promoted the bilateral relationship with Spain.[12] In November of the same year, the Spanish Kings,Felipe VI andLetizia Ortiz, met with the Peruvian President,Martín Vizcarra, and his wife, Maribel Díaz, beginning a state visit in which both countries strengthened their relations with a full schedule of contacts institutional, economic, social, defense and cultural. Both leaders expressed the desire to try a joint rapprochement in relations between the two countries.[13] The Spanish king received from the hands of the head of state the medal of Order of Merit for Distinguished Services in the degree of Special Grand Cross. Likewise, Vizcarra affirmed Spanish support for Peru's accession to theOECD.[14]
In 2021, the Peruvian president,Pedro Castillo, criticized the Spanish presence in Peru at his inauguration.[15] Although an opposition deputy of the Congress of Peru, Carlos Lizarzaburu, sent a letter apologizing to King Felipe VI for the president's insults during his inauguration, criticizing the Peruvian president for his profound ignorance of the history that unites both nations and the existing relations between mutual support dating back two centuries.[16] In 2022, Spain was one of the countries that condemned the "rupture of the constitutional order" caused by Castillo in Peru. Later, Spain congratulated the subsequent "restoration of democratic normality" after the Peruvian Congress approved, in extraordinary session, amotion of censure against Castillo for moral incapacity.[17] Likewise, in January 2023, Spain asked to resolve thePeruvian political crisis through "constitutional channels".[18]
High-level visit from Peru to Spain
High-level visit from Spain to Peru
Peru hosts a Spanish Cultural Center inLima.[20] In October 2021, the start of the file fortwinning was established between the cities ofCórdoba (Spain) andCusco (Peru), based on the relationship as part of theWorld Heritage and also united by the figure ofInca Garcilaso de la Vega, promoting collaboration and the exchange of experiences in areas such aseducation,tourism,culture oreconomy, for the benefit of all its citizens.[21]
In July 2022, the Peruvian ambassador to Spain,Óscar Maúrtua, announced that the Peruvian embassy is working on the opening of a "Peru House" inMadrid, as well as the construction of a replica of the "Chavín Stele" inChamartín district. Likewise, the Peruvian consul in Madrid, Elizabeth González, stressed that relations between the two countries "have always been very good" and that they "continue to be", both because of the historical elements that unite both countries, and because of the cultural richness.[22] Subsequently, Maúrtua argued that Spain and Peru are united by strong historical-cultural ties, developed over five centuries of shared traditions:architecture,painting,literature orgastronomy, under the richness of theSpanish language, and that both countries are recognized as strategic allies for the future.[23][24] In addition, on the occasion of the 201 years of independence of the South American country, the Peruvian Foreign Minister, César Landa, stated that Peru recognizes Spain as the main "strategic and reliable ally" in theEU, highlighting the strong historical-cultural ties and the "excellent" economic relationship.[25][26]
In April 2023,France,Italy,Poland, andPeru founded the Consular Corps ofCastile and León (Spain). The association of accredited consulates in Spain based in the capitals of the Community will promote cultural,scientific,academic, economic and tourist exchange between the Region and the countries represented.[27]
In 2017, trade between both Peru and Spain totaled €3 billion Euros.[28] Peru's main exports to Spain include: copper, zinc, frozen crustaceans and sea mussels, fruits and vegetables. Spain main exports to Peru include: machinery, electrical equipment, construction machinery equipment and steel.[28] Spanish multinational companies such asBanco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria,Banco Santander,Mapfre,Telefónica, andZara operate in Peru. In 2011, Peru signed a free trade agreement with the EU (which includes Spain).[29]
There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines:Air Europa,Iberia,LATAM Perú, andPlus Ultra Líneas Aéreas.
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