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Perry orpear cider is analcoholic beverage made fromfermentedpears, traditionally inEngland (particularlyGloucestershire,Herefordshire, andWorcestershire), parts ofSouth Wales,France (especiallyNormandy andAnjou),Canada,Australia, andNew Zealand.[1] Interest is growing in artisanal perry production in the fruit-growing regions of the northwest United States. Perry typically has an alcohol content ranging from 5 to 8%ABV,[2] but is sometimes distilled intocalvados with 40–43% ABV,[3] and blended with further pear juice to produce a fortified drink around 17% ABV.[4][5]
The pears used to make perry are typically not the large, sweet varieties eaten as fresh fruit. Perry pears tend to be small and relativelybitter — the distinction between table pears and perry pears is similar to the distinction between table apples and cider apples. Perry pears are thought to be descended from wild hybrids, known as "wildings", between the cultivated pearPyrus communis subsp.communis and the now-rare wild pearPyrus communis subsp.pyraster.[6] The cultivated pearP. communis was brought to northern Europe by the Romans. In the fourth century CE,Saint Jerome referred to perry aspiracium.[7] Wild pear hybrids were, over time, selected locally for desirable qualities, and by the 1800s, many regional varieties had been identified.[8]
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The majority of perry pear varieties in the UK originated from the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire in the West Midlands; perry from these counties made from traditional recipes now forms aEuropean UnionProtected Geographical Indication. Of these perry pear varieties, most originate in parishes aroundMay Hill on the Gloucestershire/Herefordshire border, where the sandstone-based soil overlying an impervious sub-soil supports the cultivation of pears better than apples.[9][10][11] The standard reference work on perry pears was published in 1963 by theLong Ashton Research Station; since then, many varieties have become critically endangered or lost. Over 100 varieties, known by over 200 local names, were in Gloucestershire alone.[12][13] These local pears are particularly known for their picturesque names, such as the various 'Huffcap' varieties ('Hendre Huffcap', 'Red Huffcap', 'Black Huffcap', all having an elliptical shape), those named for the effects of their product ('Merrylegs', 'Mumblehead'), pears commemorating an individual ('Stinking Bishop', named for the man who first grew it, or 'Judge Amphlett', named forAssizes court judge Richard Amphlett), or those named for the place they grew ('Hartpury Green', 'Bosbury Scarlet', 'Bartestree Squash'). The perry makers of Normandy grew their own distinctive varieties such as 'Plant de Blanc', 'Antricotin', and 'Fausset'; the perry ofDomfront, which has been recognised withAOC status since 2002 and PDO status since 2006, must be made with a minimum of 40% 'Plant de Blanc'.[14]
Pearcultivars used for perry-making tend to be small in size, turbinate or pyriform in shape, and too astringent for culinary use.[15] One variety - Barland - was said to be so distasteful that even pigs would not eat it.[16] Specific perry pear cultivars are regularly used to make single-variety perries; this was formerly the usual practice in traditional perry making, meaning that in the past, each parish would have produced its own characteristic and distinctive perries due to the very restricted distribution of many varieties.[17] Blended perries, made from the juices of several varieties, were traditionally disregarded, as they tended to throw a haze,[17] though in modern commercial production this is overcome with filtration and use of a centrifuge.
Good perry pears should have higher concentrations oftannins, acids, and otherphenolic compounds.[8] Some of the pears considered to produce consistently excellent perry include the 'Barland', 'Brandy', 'Thorn', and 'Yellow Huffcap' cultivars.[15] Compared to cider apples, perry pears have fewer volatile components and consequently fewer aromatics in the finished product.[18] Their tannin profile is very different from that of cider apples, with a predominance of astringent over bitter flavours. They do, however, contain a high concentration ofdeca-2,4-dienoate, a group of esters that affords them their prominent pear aroma.[18] Another important attribute of perry pears that distinguishes them from cider apples is their relatively higher content ratio ofsorbitol to other sugars, such asfructose. Because sorbitol is not readily fermented byyeast, it is not converted toethanol, so perry tends to have more residual sugar thancider produced from the fermentation of apples.[19] In addition to producing a sweeter beverage, sorbitol also contributes to increased body and a softer mouthfeel in the finished perry.[18] Compared to apples, pear pressing is made more difficult by the additional presence of specialized cells known assclereids, which have thick cell walls that provide extra support and strength to the pear tissue.[20] Because of this inherent perry pear attribute, the addition of enzymes and pressing aids is a commonly used practice for improving perry production.[7]
| Type | Acidity % | Tannin % | Cultivars |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet | <0.3 | < 0.1 | Barnet, Red Pear |
| Medium Bittersharp | 0.3 - 0.45 | 0.1 - 0.2 | 'Blakeney Red', 'Gin' |
| Bittersharp | > 0.45 | < 0.2 | 'Butt', 'Barland' |
| Medium sharp | 0.3 - 0.45 | < 0.1 | 'Brandy', 'Hendre Huffcap' |
| Sharp | > 0.45 | < 0.1 | 'Yellow Huffcap' |
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While cultivation of pears has been to some extent modernised, they remain a difficult crop to grow. Perry pear trees can live to a great age, and can be fully productive for 250 years. Pear trees, both domestic and perry varieties, grow incredibly slowly, taking up to, if not over, a decade before they bear enough fruit for harvest.[19] They also grow to a considerable height and can have very large canopies;the largest recorded, a tree atHolme Lacy, which still partly survives, covered three-quarters of an acre and yielded a crop of 5–7 tons in 1790.[23][24] In commercial orchards, standard pear trees were planted at a spacing of 48 feet (15 m).[25] Given the long maturing period of pear trees, they can be difficult to manage against diseases. Their size makes it difficult to apply pesticides, which makes preventingfire blight, a disease caused by the bacteriumErwinia amylovora that pears are even more susceptible to than cider apples, quite challenging.[7] These difficulties, along with demand for perry pears having (until recently) taken a decline, have prompted a national collection of perry pear cultivars to be gathered, housed, and cared for at the Three Counties Agricultural Showground at Malvern in Worcestershire, to maintain genetic resources,[18] which has now become theNational Perry Pear Centre at Hartpury.[26] Similar germplasm repositories can be found at theNational Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, Oregon.[27]
Also, key differences between cider and perry production exist in the harvesting and growing processes. Perry trees famously take more time to mature than cider trees. While cider trees may come to bear fruit in three to five years, traditionally managed perry trees typically take much longer, so much so that people say that one plants "pears for your heirs".[28]
Even when fully grown, pear trees bear less fruit than apples, which is one reason that perry is less common than cider.[29] When time to harvest comes, pears should be picked before they are ripe and then left to ripen indoors, while apples should be allowed to ripen on the tree.[30] Both apples and pears suffer fromfire blight, which can devastate entire orchards, but pears are also susceptible to pear psylla (also known asPsylla pyri).[29] These insects kill the entire pear tree and are very resistant to insecticides, making them a severe problem for pear orchards.[31] Another added complication is that while apples are often harvested mechanically, pears must be harvested by hand, greatly increasing the time and cost of harvesting.[32]
Traditional perry making is broadly similar to traditional cider making, in that the fruit is picked, crushed, and pressed to extract the juice, which is then fermented using the wild yeasts found on the fruit's skin. Traditional perry making employedquerns and a rack and clothpress, in which the pulp is wrapped in cloth before being squeezed with a press.[33] Modern perry production can use abelt press, which is much more efficient for pressing fruit.[33] It works by sending the fruit down a conveyor belt, on which it is then pressed by rollers.[33] The principal differences between perry and cider production are that pears must be left for a period to mature after picking, and thepomace must be left to stand after initial crushing to losetannins, a process analogous to winemaceration.[34] Additionally, because of the variation in hardness of the fruit, determining if a pear is ready for pressing can be more difficult than determining if an apple is ready for pressing.[35] Also, key chemical compositional differences occur between apples and pears; these factors play a crucial role in prefermentation and fermentation decisions for perry production.
Compared to most apples, pears tend to have more sugar and total phenolic compounds. The main sugars in perry pears areglucose (192 –284 mg/L),xylose (140–176 mg/g), andgalacturonic acid (108–118 mg/g). Types of sugar that are present in the juice play an important role in yeast activity and determine the success of fermentation. Unlike the juice of apples, pear juice contains significant quantities of unfermentable sugar alcohols, particularly sorbitol.[36] The presence of sorbitol can give perry a residual sweetness, in addition to a mild laxative effect.[37]Pear juices contain rather low levels of amino acids, sources of nitrogen such as aspargine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.[38]
After initial fermentation, many perries go throughmalolactic fermentation. On average, compared to apples, pears have higher levels of titrable acidity, most of it being citric acid. In environments with high levels of malic acid, such as grape must in winemaking, malolactic fermentation bacteria convert malic acid to lactic acid, reducing the perception of acidity and increasing complexity of flavour. However, if high levels of citric acid are present, as in pear pomace, malolactic fermentation bacteria catabolise citric acid to acetic acid and oxaloacetic acid, instead of lactic acid.[39] This results in a floral, citrus-like aroma in the final product, lacking the diacethyl odour typical for most products that have undergone a malolactic fermentation.
The earliest known reference to fermented alcoholic drinks being made from pears is found inPliny.[40] Perry making seems to have become well established in what is today France following the collapse of the Roman empire; references to perry making in England do not appear before theNorman Conquest. In the medieval period, France retained its association with pear growing, and the majority of pears consumed in England were in fact imported from France.[12]
By the 16th and 17th centuries, however, perry making had become well established in the west of England, where the climate and soil were especially suitable for pear cultivation. Perry was said to have been much loved byElizabeth I.[41] In the three counties of Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire in particular, as well as inMonmouthshire across the Welsh border, perry pears grew well in conditions wherecider apple trees would not.[10] Smaller amounts were also produced in other cider-producing areas, such asSomerset. Perry may have grown in popularity after theEnglish Civil War, when the large numbers of soldiers billeted in the Three Counties became acquainted with it,[42] and reached a zenith of popularity during the 18th century, when intermittent conflicts with France made the importing of wine difficult.[43][41] Many farms and estates had their own orchards, and many varieties of pears developed that were unique to particular parishes or villages.
Whereas perry in England remained an overwhelminglydry, still drink served from the cask, some sweet perry was made by controlling the fermentation through filtration.[25] In contrast, perry made inNormandy (poiré) developed a bottle-fermented, sparkling style with a good deal of sweetness.[44]
The production of traditional perry began to decline during the 20th century, in part due to changing farming practices– perry pears could be difficult and labour-intensive to crop, and orchards took many years to mature. The industry was, however, to a certain degree revived by modern commercial perry-making techniques, developed byFrancis Showering of the firm Showerings ofShepton Mallet, Somerset, in the creation of their sparkling branded perryBabycham.[12] Babycham, the first mass-produced branded perry, was developed by Showering from application of the Long Ashton Institute's research, and was formerly produced from authentic perry pears, principally the five varieties Hendre Huffcap, Butt, Winnals Longdon, Red Pear, and Barnett.[25] Today it is produced from third party produced concentrate, the firm's pear orchards having now been dug up.[23] Aimed at the female drinker at a time when wine was not commonly available in UKpubs, Babycham was sold in miniature Champagne-style bottles; the drink was for many years a strong seller and made a fortune for the Showering family.[45] A competing brand of commercial perry,Lambrini, was manufactured for many years inLiverpool byHalewood International and is now owned and produced since 2021 byAccolade Wines. TheIrish drinks companyCantrell and Cochrane, Plc, more famous for itsMagners and Bulmers ciders, launched a similar light perry, Ritz, in 1986.
Like much commerciallager and commercial cider, commercial perry is highly standardised, and today often contains large quantities of cerealadjuncts such ascorn syrup orinvert sugar.[citation needed] It is also generally of lower strength, and sweeter, than traditional perry, and is artificially carbonated to give a sparkling finish.[citation needed] Unlike traditional perry, its manufacture guarantees a consistent product; the nature of perry pears means producing traditional perry in commercial quantities is very difficult. Traditional perry was overwhelmingly a drink made on farms for home consumption, or to sell in small quantities either at the farm gate or to local inns.
Both English perry making and the orchards that supplied it suffered a catastrophic decline in the second half of the 20th century as a result of changing tastes and agricultural practices (in South Gloucestershire alone, an estimated 90% of orchards were lost in the last 75 years).[46] Many pear orchards were also lost to fire blight in the 1970s and 1980s. Along with the clearing of orchards, the decline of day labouring on farms meant that the manpower that was once devoted to harvest perry pears – as well as its traditional consumers – disappeared. It also lost popularity due to makers turning to dessert or general-purpose pears in its manufacture rather than perry pears, resulting in a thin and tasteless product.[12] In the UK, before 2007, the small amounts of traditional perry still produced were mainly consumed by people living in farming communities.[citation needed]
However, perry (often marketed under the name "pear cider", see below) has increased in popularity in very recent times[when?], with around 2.5 million British consumers purchasing it in one year.[47] In addition, various organisations have been actively seeking out old perry pear trees and orchards and rediscovering lost varieties, many of which now exist only as single trees on isolated farms. For example, the Welsh Cider Society rediscovered the old Monmouthshire varieties 'Burgundy' and the 'Potato Pear', as well as a number of further types unrecorded up to that point.[48]
Pear cider has been adopted by some in preference toperry as a name for alcoholic drinks containing pear juice.[49] The term has been dated to 1995, whenBrothers Cider found that nobody atGlastonbury Festival understood what perry was; they began telling customers that it was 'like cider, but made from pears'.[47]
In the UK the new name has caused controversy. TheCampaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) defines perry and pear cider as different drinks, stating that 'pear cider' as made by the large industrial cidermakers is a pear-flavoured drink, or more specifically a cider-style drink flavoured with pear concentrate, whereas 'perry' should be made by traditional methods from perry pears only.[50] The National Association of Cider Makers maintain that the terms perry and pear cider are interchangeable, and its rules specify that perry or pear cider may contain no more than 25% apple juice.[51][49][52]
In 1803Philip Gidley King, the thirdGovernor of Australia, ordered apple and pear trees for cider and perry production, but they never arrived.[53] Today, perry production is mainly from culinary pear varieties, spearheaded by Cider Australia, an industry association.[53] There are some efforts to cultivate perry pear varieties, but as of 2024 these are still in the early stages.[54] Pears are mainly grown in theGoulburn Valley in Victoria, but there are producers in Tasmania, Orange, and South Australia.[54] The most commonly available perry isSomersby's Pear Cider.[53]
TheMostviertel region is the only place in the world that makes more perry than cider.[55] Known locally asmost orbirnenmost, perry has a long tradition going back to at least the 13th century.[56] In the 18th century, EmpressMaria Theresa ordered the planting of perry pear trees along all municipal roads in Mostviertel, and her sonJoseph II awarded medals to anyone who planted over 100 trees.[57] The advent of rail transport provided a huge boost to demand, and perry brought great prosperity to the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[58] In 1938 it was estimated that there were more than a million pear trees in theAmstetten district.[58] With the fall of theAustro-Hungarian Empire, mechanised agriculture led to a decline ofmost in favour of corn, and many pear trees were removed.[58] A revival of the perry tradition was started in the 1990s, and led to the creation of a producer association known as theMostbarons.[59]
Pear trees are planted along boundary lines separating farms, and there are currently an estimated 150,000 to 300,000 perry pear trees in the region.[56] These trees are often very old, with many dating from the heyday of perry production being over 150 years old.[58] Varieties include 'Speckbirne', 'Stieglbirne', 'Dorschbirne' and 'Grüne Pichelbirne', the latter being particularly prized for its late-ripening and ability to clear other perry that had gone cloudy.[60]
Austrian perry is generally paler than those from France or the UK, and is far more likely to be bottled.[61] More recent innovations include the production of ice perry andmostello, a fortified perry.[62]
French perry, known aspoiré, is often sparkling and produced in 750ml wine bottles,champagne style.[63] Production is most concentrated aroundDomfront, where the Domfrontais perry is protected by anAppellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), but perry can also be found elsewhere in Normandy, in Brittany and in the Loire Valley.[64] Much of the perry is dominated by a single pear variety – 'Plant de Blanc' – and this is emphasised in the AOC.[65]
Calvados Domfrontais is a pear brandy, distilled frompoiré in the Domfront area, and is covered by its own AOC.[66] Some is further blended with pear juice to make a fortified pear drink similar to the apple-basedpommeau, although this drink does not have a specific name.[67]
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