Mike The Mover has run for various offices under various political affiliations on 17 occasions to promote his furniture moving business.
Aperennial candidate is a term for apolitical candidate who frequently runs for elected office and rarely, if ever, wins.[1] Perennial candidates are most common where there is no limit on the number of times that a person can run for office and little cost to register as a candidate.[2]
A number of modern articles related to electoral politics or elections have identified those who have run for elected office and lost two to three times, and then decide to mount a campaign again as perennial candidates.[3][4][5] However, some articles have listed a number of notable exceptions.[2][6]
Some who have had their campaign applications rejected by their country's electoral authority multiple times have also been labelled as perennial candidates.[7]
It has been noted that some perennial candidates take part in an election with the aim of winning,[3][8] and some do have ideas to convey on the campaign trail, regardless of their chance for winning.[2][9] Others have names similar to known candidates, and hope that the confusion will lead to success.
Some perennial candidates may mount a run as a way to help strengthen their party's standing in a parliamentary body, in an effort to become kingmaker in the event of a political stalemate.[10]
Novelty candidates are those who run for office as a form of satire, parody or protest, without serious policies. Many novelty candidates are also perennial candidates, though the two concepts are distinct and perennial candidates are often serious politicians.
Vera Guasso, labor union leader and member of theUnified Socialist Workers Party (PSTU), ran for the Porto Alegre city assembly, mayor of Porto Alegre, the Brazilian Senate and other positions in a non-stop serial candidacy (every two years) from the early 90s on. In her best results, she had numbers of votes in local Porto Alegre elections similar to those of lesser-voted elected candidates but did not get a seat due to her party's overall voting being small. PSTU traditionally enters elections with no visible chance to, allegedly, "put a leftist set of points in discussion" and "build the party" but has lately achieved some expressive numbers.[citation needed]
Enéas Carneiro, a cardiologist and founder of the far-rightParty of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA), ran for presidency three times, in 1989, 1994 and 1998. He was mostly known for his comical style of speech on political broadcasts (due in part to the reduced TV time his party had) and his distinct beard. He also ran for mayor inSão Paulo at the 2000 elections, before finally being elected federal deputy in 2002 with record voting. He was re-elected in 2006 but died in 2007 frommyeloid leukemia.
Levy Fidelix, leader and founder of the conservativeBrazilian Labour Renewal Party (PRTB), ran for all municipal and general elections held in Brazil from 1996 to 2020. He was twice candidate for thePresidency (in2010 and2014), twice candidate for theGovernor of São Paulo (in 1998 and 2002) and five times candidate for theMayor of São Paulo (in 1996, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020), never being elected for any position in his political career. He succumbed to COVID-19 on April 23, 2021.
John Turmel according to theGuinness World Records holds the records for the most elections contested and for the most elections lost, having contested 112 elections and lost 111.
Ross Dowson, leader of the CanadianTrotskyist group theRevolutionary Workers Party (later the League for Socialist Action) ran for Mayor of Toronto nine times in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. His best result was in1949, when he won 20% of the vote in a two-man race. He also ran twice for theHouse of Commons of Canada.
Henri-Georges Grenier ran 13 times for the House of Commons of Canada between1945 and1980 on the tickets of a variety of political parties, for each of which he was the sole candidate.[citation needed]
Ben Kerr, astreet musician, ran for Mayor of Toronto seven times between1985 and his death in 2005. He was best known for hiscountry music performances and for advocating the medicinal benefits of drinking a concoction that hascayenne pepper as its main ingredient.
Patricia Métivier contested 24 Canadian federal, provincial or municipal elections from1972 to 2001.[15]
David Popescu has run for federal, provincial, and municipal office multiple times since 1998 on an extremeanti-abortion andanti-gay platform. While campaigning in the2008 election, he advocated the execution of homosexual people, which precipitated charges under Canada'shate crime laws.[16]
Gilbert Thibodeau has run four times for municipal office in Montreal between 2013 in 2025, most notably when he came in third place with 10% of the vote as amayoral candidate in 2025.
Alex Tyrrell, leader of theGreen Party of Quebec, has run 11 times between 2012 and 2022 for provincial general elections and by-elections.
John Turmel is in theGuinness Book of World Records for being the candidate who has the "most elections contested" and lost 103 as of October 2022 (he also ran in a by-election canceled due to a general election).
Harry Bradley ran for theToronto Board of Control 24 times between 1930 and 1964. He also ran for mayor in 1960 and 1962, and for city council in 1969.
Kevin Clarke is a homeless person who has unsuccessfully contested municipal, provincial and federal offices in Toronto numerous times from the 1990s to the present, often as leader ofThe People's Political Party.
Régent Millette is a teacher in Quebec who has run for public office at the municipal, provincial, and federal levels over 25 times since 2000.
Don Woodstock ofWinnipeg has contested several positions at all three levels of government. He unsuccessfully ran forprovincial seats in2007 and2011 as aLiberal, and in2016 as an independent. He ranfederally in 2015 as aGreen candidate, and received national attention after being called a "son of a bitch" byNDP incumbentPat Martin during a televised debate.[17] Woodstock ran forcity council in2014 and ran as amayoral candidate in the 2018 election.[18]
Álvaro Noboa ran unsuccessfully for president in1998,2002,2006,2009 and2013; he attempted to run for president in2021 but his candidacy was suspended by the electoral authorities due to an alleged violation of registration requirements. His son,Daniel, was successfully elected as president in the2023 election and reelected in2025.
Alejandro Giammattei, a three-time presidential candidate (2007, 2011 and 2015), he won during his fourth election campaign in 2019. He previously ran unsuccessfully twice for mayor ofGuatemala City (1999 and 2003).
Sandra Torres, a three-time presidential candidate, each time losing in the run-off.
Mario Estrada, a three-time presidential candidate (2007, 2011 and 2015).
Eduardo Suger, a three-time presidential candidate (2003, 2007 and 2011).
Nicolás Zúñiga y Miranda was a presidential candidate 10 times: 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, 1910, 1911, 1913,1917,1920 and1924 and also tried to run for a seat in theCongress of Mexico at least twice. The eccentric Zúñiga never got more than a few votes, but always claimed to have been the victim of fraud and considered himself to be the legitimatePresident.
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was a presidential candidate three times: 1988, 1994 and 2000, also was elected the first Head of Government of Mexico City in 1997, was the leader of PRD, the left-wing mayor party and was Governor of the state of Michoacan.
Roger Cáceres,FRENATRACA presidential candidate in 1980 with 2% of the vote, 1985 with 2% of the vote and 1990 with 1.3% of the vote.
Ezequiel Ataucusi,FREPAP presidential candidate in 1990 with 1.1% of the vote, in 1995 with 0.8% of votes and in 2000 with 0.75% of votes.
Ricardo Noriega, presidential candidate for All for Victory in 2001 with 0.31% of the vote and for Desperate National in 2011 with 0.15% of the vote. He was also a candidate from Independent Civic Union for senator in 1990.
Andrés Alcántara, presidential candidate of Direct Democracy in 2021 with 0.29% of the vote. He also was not elected as a congressman in the 2000 elections, 2016 and 2020, and as Mayor of Santiago de Chuco.
Ciro Gálvez ran unsuccessfully for president three times in 2001, 2006 and the most recent in 2021 and ran unsuccessfully for Governor twice in 2002 and 2006.
Keiko Fujimori, the daughter of former presidentAlberto Fujimori ran unsuccessfully for president three times in 2011, 2016 and 2021, each time losing in the run-off.
Jaime Salinas, candidate for mayor of Lima in 2002 and 2018 and presidential in 2006, without being elected and with low percentages such as 0.53% in the 2006 presidential elections and 3.5% in the 2018 municipal elections.
Fernando Olivera ran unsuccessfully for president four times in 2001, 2006, 2016 and 2021 in which in 2006, he withdrew from the race and in 2021, his candidacy was rejected.
Máximo San Román ran for the vice presidency four times between 1990, 1995, 2006 and 2011 in which, in 1990, he was successful and ran for the presidency on in 2000.
Raila Odinga, leader ofOrange Democratic Movement, has run forPresident five times (1997,2007,2013,2017 and2022), losing every single time. Prior to that and under the old Kenyan Constitution, Raila was a member of parliament for the Lang'ata Constituency Raila who is referred to as 'Baba' by his followers.
Frederick Fung, initially gained success in almost every election, includingDistrict Council,Urban Council andLegislative Council election since 1983. However, since 2015, Fung faced consecutive failures in every election he participated, including 2015 (District Council), 2016 (Legislative Council), March 2018 (Democratic Primary), November 2018 (Legislative Council By-election) and 2019 (District Council). He lost popularity because of his unwillingness to retire, as thePro-democracy supporters having negative feelings on gerontocracy.
Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy was a political leader from the Indian state ofKarnataka, who had a penchant for contesting elections. He is aGuinness World Record holder for having contested the highest number of elections—he unsuccessfully did so 86 times.
Joginder Singh (aliasDharti Pakar meaning "one who clings to the ground", earned after several unsuccessful runs forPresident of India[19]) was a textile owner who contested and lost over 300 elections in India. Although his nomination papers were usually disregarded by the election commission, he reached his high-water mark during the1992 presidential election, in which he earned fourth place in the polling with 1,135 votes, eventually losing toShankar Dayal Sharma.
K. Padmarajan, a doctor turned politician from the state ofTamil Nadu, had contested 199 elections, and lost all of them.Limca Book of Records named him as "India's most unsuccessful candidate".[20]
Alzier Dianis Thabranie, politician and businessman previously ran for governor ofLampung in 2003, 2008, and2014 where 2 of his early victories were annulled
Mac Akasaka, real name Makoto Tonami, was a candidate for many political offices, especially the governor of Tokyo 2012,[26] 2016[27] and mayor of Osaka in 2014.[28] Won a seat as aMinato Assembly Member in 2019.[29]
Yūtokutaishi Akiyama, an engraver artist, photographer, was a candidate for Governor of Tokyo 1975 and 1979, bringing pop art into the process.
Yoshiro Nakamatsu (alias Dr. NakaMats), inventor and perennial candidate in Tokyo, has unsuccessfully campaigned to be elected Governor of Tokyo numerous times since 1995, most recently in 2014.[32]
Elly Pamatong was disqualified in running for president at least twice (2004 and2010). After his death in 2021, people asked if he will run in the2022 presidential election, as his death was not announced to the public.[34]
In Singapore, many opposition candidates had applied for candidacy in either the Parliamentary or Presidential elections, but were unsuccessful in most attempts due to most competitions being won by the more-dominativePeople's Action Party. Below are some of the notable candidates:
Ooi Boon Ewe only have contested once in the2001 election as independent, but failed to receive nominations in subsequent elections. He had also made unsuccessful bids for candidacy in four Presidential elections (1999,2005,2011 and2017).
Kostas Kyriacou, otherwise known as "Outopos", has been a candidate for everypresidential andparliamentary election since 1998 but has never gained more than 1% of the vote.
Petr Hannig was the leader ofParty of Common Sense. Since 2002, he has repeatedly run for the Chamber of Deputies and Senate.[35][36] He also ran for the Czech presidency in2018 election,[37] but failed as well, ending last but one with 0.57% of votes. He also wanted to run in 2023 presidential election but failed to get nomination.[38]
Miroslav Sládek ran for the Czechoslovak presidency in 1992. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia he sought the Czech presidency in 1993, 1998 and 2018.[39] He withdrew from the 2018 election due to failure of his party in the 2017 legislative election.[40]
Jan Švejnar unsuccessfully ran for the Czech presidency in 2008. He also ran for the position in 2013 but withdrew. He planned to run for the office in 2018 but he did not receive political support. Some politicians noted that Švejnar lives in the United States and "shows up in the Czech Republic only when there is a presidential election."[41]
Jiří Paroubek, a former Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, has repeatedly tried to restart his political career under various political parties since 2010. He ran for the Chamber of Deputies in 2013, Senate in 2018 and European Parliament in 2014 and 2024 but was never elected.[42]
Paavo Väyrynen ran forPresident four times (1988,1994,2012 and2018), the first three times as the candidate for theCentre Party and then the fourth time as an independent candidate. He also intended to run as an independent in the2024 election, but did not get enough signatures to be put on the ballot.
Helmut Palmer's house in Geradstetten boasted some of his German election percentages.
Helmut Palmer (1930–2004) stood without any success for about 250 elections as mayor in villages and cities in southwestern Germany and various times as independent candidate for the Bundestag.[43] His sonBoris Palmer became mayor ofTübingen.
Ástþór Magnússon is an Icelandic businessman and politician who unsuccessfully campaigned for the post of President of Iceland six times; in 1996, 2000, 2004, 2012, 2016, and 2024.
Charlie Keddy has stood in 19 elections without ever being elected; 12 for Dáil Éireann and 7 forWicklow County Council, including standing in all fourby-elections held in November 2019. He first stood as a Labour candidate in 1991, which was his most successful showing with 5.87% of the vote. He contested all of his subsequent elections as an independent candidate.[45] He has contested every election in theWicklow constituency since the1995 by-election, with the exception of 2007 when he missed the filing deadline.[46] In the2014 Wicklow County Council election, Keddy stood in all five electoral areas, placing last in all of them.[47]
Jim Tallon, who described himself as the president of the "Independent Republic of Glasnost", contested at least 17 elections, including elections to the Dáil, European Parliament and Wicklow County Council.[48] Contesting all of his elections as an independent candidate, he ran several times in his home constituency of Wicklow and other times in constituencies such asWexford in 1987 andMeath in 1997. He was never elected, and his best performance came in the2014 European Parliament elections, his final election before his death in 2015, where he received 0.64% of the vote (2,244 votes) in theDublin constituency.[49][50]
Marco Pannella is described by many as a perennial candidate,[by whom?] even though he was actually elected multiple times as a member of the Italian Parliament, the European Parliament, and the municipal councils of a handful of cities.[citation needed]
Nazzareno Bonniċi, known more in Malta by the affectionate nickname 'Żaren tal-Ajkla', part of histongue-in-cheek unregisteredPartit tal-Ajkla (en. Eagle Party), has been a perennial candidate in the2013,2017[54] and2022[55][56] Maltese general elections, and the2004,2009,2014 and2019 European Parliament elections in Malta. In a surprise move that later had the Maltese media speculate and overestimate his probable success, thousands showed up for Nazzareno's mass meeting in preparation for the2013 general election held front of theParish Church inŻabbar, the town where he resides.[57] He only received 47 votes, amounting to 0.02% of the Maltese electorate, in the 2013 election. He would receive 71 votes in the2022 general election, amounting to 0.00019% of the Maltese electorate.[56]
Janusz Korwin-Mikke unsuccessfully ran forPresident five times (1995,2000,2005,2010 and2015). He also unsuccessfully ran for Polish parliament nine times (1993, 1997, 2001, 2004 (two times, by-elections for Senate), 2005, 2007, 2013 and 2015), for European Parliament (2004, 2019), four times for regional assemblies (2002, 2006, 2007, 2010) and four times for President ofWarsaw (2006, 2010, 2018, 2024). However, in 2014 he was elected for member of European Parliament and, in 2019, after a 26-year break, for member of Sejm, starting fromConfederation Liberty and Independence list.
Kornel Morawiecki unsuccessfully ran forPresident three times in1990,2010 and2015, achieving necessary 100,000 signatures to be registered as candidate only in 2010. He also unsuccessfully ran forSejm in1991, and forSenate in2007. Eventually, he succeeded for the first time when he became an MP in2015.
Corneliu Vadim Tudor, former president and founder ofPRM, unsuccessfully ran forPresident five times in 1996, 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2014. His biggest score was in 2000 when he gained 33.2% in the second round againstIon Iliescu.
Lev Ubozhko unsuccessfully participated in elections of different levels. He ran for the special election to theSupreme Soviet of Russia in 1992 and 1993. He also ran for theState Duma in1993,1995 and 1998 (special election in single-mandate constituency). In 1994, at a special election, he unsuccessfully ran for theFederation Council from theChelyabinsk Oblast. In 1996, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of theChelyabinsk Oblast. He ran forPresident in1991 and1996, but both times he was denied registration.
Bill Boaks contestedgeneral elections and by-elections for a period of 30 years under various descriptions, most famously under the "Public Safety Democratic Monarchist White Resident" banner. Boaks' main concern was public safety on the roads and believed that pedestrians should have the right of way at all times. In the1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election he received only five votes, one of the lowest recorded in a modern Britishparliamentary election. He died in 1986 from injuries sustained in a traffic collision two years earlier.
Arthur Hunnable's name never appeared on a ballot paper, but he campaigned and announced that he would stand in almost every by-election from 1907 to 1909, and also inJarrow at the1918 general election.
Winston McKenzie, who now stands as anEnglish Democrats candidate, has previously stood since 2002 as an independent candidate in theBrent East by-election and in the 2008 Mayoral election, and forVeritas,UKIP, and founded his own Unity Party.
Sutch's successor as Monster Raving Loony Party leader,Alan "Howling Laud" Hope contested 13 by-elections and five general elections between 2001 and 2016. His highest vote total was 553, achieved at bothAldershot in the2005 general election and the2011 Leicester South by-election. The latter was also his highest vote share of 1.6%. Hope's highest placing in a parliamentary election has been fourth (of eight candidates) inRichmond Park in 2016. Hope has been elected (unopposed) to seats on parish councils inDevon andHampshire and was mayor ofAshburton.[60][61][62]
John Peck ran inthe constituency of Nottingham North from 1955 to 1987 and came last every time, bar 1979, in which he came second last. However, in 1987 he won the Nottingham Council seat of Bulwell East.[63]
Lindi St Clair ran in numerous elections for her "Corrective Party", on some occasions standing as "Miss Whiplash".
Richard Huggett contested various elections under banners designed to imitate better-known parties, including as a "Literal Democrat" candidate. This eventually resulted in theRegistration of Political Parties Act 1998 being passed to stop this practice.
Between 1994 and 2015,Nigel Farage unsuccessfully stood for election to theBritish House of Commons seven times, in twoby-elections and five consecutivegeneral elections. He was more successful in being elected as a member of theEuropean Parliament, losing on his first attempt in 1994 but winning in the five consecutive elections from 1999 to 2019. In the2024 general election he was finally elected as an MP on his eighth attempt.
Ankit Love, founder of theOne Love Party, stood for election to the British parliament six times in the seven years between 2016 and 2023. He was also a candidate in the2016 London Mayoral Election.
Count Binface, a character created by comedian Jonathan David Harvey, stood in the parliamentary general election in 2019, a by-election in 2023 and in 2024. He was also a candidate in the London Mayoral elections in2021 and2024.
Lord Buckethead, a character created by Mike Lee, stood in the 1987 and 1992 general election. The character was revived by Jonathan Harvey for the 2017 general election, and again by David Hughes for the2019 European Parliament election and the 2019 general election.
Plaid Cymru candidateLindsay Whittle first stood forCaerphilly in1983 and would go on to fight the seat and itsSenedd equivalent unsuccessfully in general andSenedd elections on a further twelve occasions, until finally winning the seat for Plaid Cymru at the fourteenth attempt in a Seneddby-election in 2025.[64] He contested theSouth Wales East regional list at the Senedd on a further three occasions. Whittle stood on the regional list in2011 to allowLabour defectorRon Davies to stand as the Plaid Cymru candidate in Caerphilly; as a Labour candidate Davies had personally beaten Whittle four times in previous elections. Ironically, whilst Davies would be defeated in 2011, Whittle won, serving as a Senedd member until 2016 and thus missing the2015 general election as he was serving as a Member of the Senedd at the time. As of 2026, when he will be a candidate inBlaenau Gwent Caerffili Rhymni in the2026 Senedd election,[65] the 2015 general election is thus the only major election since 1983 in which he has not stood. He has concurrently served as a councillor forCaerphilly County Borough and its predecessors since 1976.
Charles Bellchambers contested theDivision of Barton six times between 1966 and 1987, usually polling a negligible proportion of the vote.
Alex Bhathal, a social worker, has unsuccessfully stood for the Greens in theDivision of Batman six times between 2001 and 2018, increasing the Greens' percentage of the vote from 4.60% in 1998 to 39.49% in 2018 (she did not stand in 2007).
Shirley de la Hunty (née Strickland), a multiple Olympic gold medallist in athletics, unsuccessfully contested six state elections inWestern Australia and seven federal elections. Her candidacies spanned from 1971 to 1996 and included runs for the lower and upper houses at both state and federal levels. She stood a number of times for theAustralian Democrats, while the rest of her runs were made as anindependent candidate.
Pauline Hanson, founder and leader of One Nation, a right-wing populist political party had unsuccessfully contested state and federal elections before being elected in the 2016 federal election. Ran in the2001,2004,2007 for the federal Senate Queensland, Ran in the2003 and2011 for the NSW state Legislative Council, and2009 and2015 for QLD State election.
Michael "Tubby" Hansen has run unsuccessfully in every general and mayoral election inChristchurch since 1969, often under the slogan of "Economic Euthenics".[69][70]
Bill Maung, a Burmese immigrant and political advisor toBlack Power, stood for election multiple times in both local and parliamentary elections as an independent candidate.[71]
Frank Moncur stood for Parliament nine times, five times forMayor of Wellington and nine times for theWellington City Council, usually as a "private enterprise" candidate, between 1971 and 1996.[72]
Saul Goldsmith contested ten city council and four mayoral elections, plus one council by-election, inWellington over a 30-year period. He also stood in two general elections for theNational Party as well as a by-election as an independent National candidate.[73][74]
Vince Terreni (1931–2004) founded the frivolous Cheer Up Party and later joined theMcGillicuddy Serious Party (anotherjoke party). He stood in six general elections between 1978 and 1996, one parliamentary by-election in 1980 and two local by-elections for both the Auckland (in 1979) and Wellington ( in 2000) city council.[75]
^Zeitz, Josh (February 8, 2015)."The Death of the Three-Time Candidate".Politico Magazine. RetrievedAugust 27, 2021....Harold Stassen is remembered as the "Grand Old Party's Grand Old Loser"—the onetime "Boy Governor" who ran for president 10 times between 1948 and 1992—a "perennial, never-say-die candidate" whose quixotic, lifetime quest for the White House obscured an otherwise brilliant public career.
^abWeeks, Linton (September 23, 2011)."Also-Rans: What Drives The Perennial Candidates?".NPR. RetrievedAugust 28, 2021.For the purposes of this story, we are defining the perennial presidential candidate as someone who runs for — and loses — the race to the White House at least twice. And then runs again.
^"Iran's presidential election: Who the candidates are".BBC News. May 28, 2021. RetrievedAugust 28, 2021.[Mohsen Rezai] has stood three times as president, and never held public office, having also failed in a bid to be elected to parliament in 2000. He is commonly referred to as a "perennial candidate".
^Zeitz, Josh (February 8, 2015)."The Death of the Three-Time Candidate".Politico Magazine. RetrievedAugust 27, 2021.Henry Clay, whom Abraham Lincoln called his "beau ideal of a statesman," ran for president four times. No one remembers him as a joke. William Jennings Bryan was a three-time Democratic presidential nominee. Also not a joke. Adlai Stevenson, twice nominated. Hubert Humphrey, Stassen's fellow Minnesotan, ran three times. Ronald Reagan lost the GOP nomination in 1968 and 1976 before his victory in 1980. Definitely not a joke.
^"港报社评: 宋楚瑜明知会输一定要赢" [Hong Kong Newspaper Editorial: James Soong knows he will lost, but he must win].Hong Kong Economic Journal (in Simplified Chinese).Reuters. RetrievedAugust 28, 2021.宋楚瑜这位人所称颂的「政治精算师」胜算渺茫, 他自己肯定比谁都清楚, 那他为什么还要明知不可为而为之?最合理的推测是宋楚瑜企图成为足以左右大局的关键少数派, 选总统第四次落败不重要, 重要的是利用曝光机会拉抬他一手创立的亲民党, 争取最多的立委席位, 假如下届立法院选举一如预料蓝营绿营皆不过半, 高举非蓝非绿旗帜的第三势力有望荣膺造王者.(The winning odds of James Soong, a man praised by people as a 'political calculator,' are slim, and he certainly knows that better than any other person, but why is he doing what he knows cannot happen? The most reasonable assumption is he is trying to be a key minority. Losing the presidency four times is not important. The most important thing is he uses his exposure to lift the election results of the People First Party he founded, and win more parliamentary seats. If the next Legislative Yuan election does, as predicted, create a situation with neither the pan-blue and pan-green camps have a majority, the non-blue, non-green camp can become the kingmaker)
^"宋楚瑜選不停為補助款? 施明德: 難免會聯想到" [James Song is running non-stop for public election money? Shih Ming-teh: it's hard not to imagine].NOWNews (in Traditional Chinese).Taipei,Republic of China (Taiwan). September 7, 2015. RetrievedAugust 28, 2021.
^Ludwig, Jonathan Z. (March 14, 2018)."The Illusion of Russian Elections and Russian Power"(PDF).SAGE International Australia. p. 2. RetrievedNovember 6, 2024.Perennial candidate and leader of the LDPR Vladimir Zhirinovsky, long thought to be funded by the Kremlin to make them look rational by comparison, is once again on the ballot.
^Jan Knauer: Bürgerengagement und Protestpolitik. Das politische Wirken des „Remstalrebellen" Helmut Palmer und die Reaktionen seiner Mitmenschen. Dissertation. Tübingen 2012
^"Ashburton | Charity Shop Tourism". charityshoptourism.wordpress.com. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. RetrievedJuly 12, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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