Thepercussion cap,percussion primer, orcaplock, introduced in the early 1820s, is a type of single-usepercussion ignition device formuzzle loader firearmlocks enabling them to fire reliably in any weather condition.[1] Its invention gave rise to thecaplock mechanism orpercussion lock system which used percussion caps struck by thehammer to set off thegunpowder charge in rifles and cap and ballfirearms. Any firearm using a caplock mechanism is apercussion gun. Anylong gun with a cap-lock mechanism andrifledbarrel is apercussion rifle.Cap and ball describes cap-lock firearms discharging a single bore-diametersphericalbullet with each shot.
The percussion cap is a small cylinder ofcopper orbrass with one closed end. Inside the closed end is a small amount of ashock-sensitive explosive material such asmercury fulminate (discovered in 1800; it was the only practical detonator used from about the mid-19th century to the early 20th century[2]).
The caplock mechanism consists of ahammer and anipple (sometimes referred to as acone). The nipple contains a hollowconduit which goes into the rearmost part of the gun barrel, and the percussion cap is placed over the nipple hole. Pulling the trigger releases the hammer, which strikes the percussion cap against the nipple (which serves as ananvil), crushes it and detonates the mercury fulminate inside, which releases sparks that travel through the hollow nipple into the barrel and ignite the main powder charge.
Percussion caps have been made in small sizes for pistols and larger sizes for rifles and muskets.[1]
Earlier firearms usedflintlockmechanisms causing a piece offlint to strike asteelfrizzen producing sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge. The flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as thematchlock andwheellock, but all were prone to misfire in wet weather.[citation needed]
The discovery offulminates was made byEdward Charles Howard (1774–1816) in 1800.[3][4] The invention that made the percussion cap possible using the recently discovered fulminates was patented by theReverendAlexander John Forsyth ofBelhelvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1807.[1] The rudimentary percussion system was invented by Forsyth as a solution to the problem that birds would startle when smoke puffed from the powder pan of his flintlock shotgun, giving them sufficient warning to escape the shot.[1] This early percussion lock system operated in a nearly identical fashion to flintlock firearms and used a fulminating primer made of fulminate of mercury,chlorate of potash,sulphur andcharcoal, ignited by concussion.[5][6] His invention of a fulminate-primed firing mechanism deprived the birds of their early warning system, both by avoiding the initial puff of smoke from the flintlock powder pan, as well as shortening the interval between the trigger pull and the shot leaving the muzzle. Forsyth patented his "scent bottle" ignition system in 1807. However, it was not until after Forsyth's patents expired that the conventional percussion cap system was developed.Joseph Manton invented a precursor to the percussion cap in 1814, comprising a copper tube that detonated when crushed.[7] This was further developed in 1822 by the English-born American artistJoshua Shaw, as a copper cup filled with fulminates.[8]
The first purpose-built caplock guns werefowling pieces commissioned by sportsmen inRegency era England. Due to the mechanism's compactness and superior reliability compared to the flintlock, gunsmiths were able to manufacture pistols andlong guns with two barrels. Early caplock handguns with two or more barrels and a single lock are known as turn-over ortwister pistols, due to the need to manually rotate the second barrel to align with the hammer. With the addition of a third barrel, and a ratchet to mechanically turn the barrels while cocking the hammer, these caplock pistols evolved into thepepper-boxrevolver during the 1830s.[9]
The caplock offered many improvements over the flintlock. The caplock was easier and quicker to load, more resilient to weather conditions, and far more reliable than the flintlock. Many of the older flintlock weapons were later converted to the caplock, so that they could take advantage of these features.[1]
Joshua Shaw is sometimes credited (primarily by himself) with the development of the first metallic percussion cap in 1814, a reusable one made of iron, then a disposable pewter one in 1815 and finally a copper one in 1816. There is no independent proof of this since Shaw was advised he could not patent it due to Alexander Forsyth's patent for using fulminates to ignite guns being in force between 1807 and 1821. Shaw says he only shared the development of his innovation with a few associates (gunmakers and others) who were sworn to secrecy and never provided affidavits at a later date. Shaw's claim to have been the inventor remains clouded in controversy as he did not patent the idea until 1822, having moved to America in 1817. According to Lewis Winant, the US government's decision to award Shaw $25,000 as compensation for his invention being used by the Army was a mistake. Congress believed Shaw's patent was the earliest in the world and awarded him a large sum of money based on this belief. The investigators had overlooked two French patents and the earlier use of the idea in Britain.
The earliest known patent anywhere in the world which specifically mentions a percussion cap and nipple was granted in France on 29 July 1818 toFrançois Prélat, four years before Shaw's patent. Prelat made a habit of copying English patents and inventions and the mode of operation he describes is flawed.[10] Secondly a French patent of a percussion cap and nipple had been granted in 1820 to Deboubert. However predating both of these French claims, the most likely inventor of the percussion cap, according to historian Sidney James Gooding, wasJoseph Egg (nephew ofDurs Egg), around 1817, .[11]
There were other earlier claims. Col.Peter Hawker in 1830 simultaneously claimed and denied being the inventor. "I do not wish to say I was the inventor of it - very probably not" but then immediately recounts that he came up with the idea of simplifying a Manton patch-lock, which could be troublesome, by designing a cap and nipple arrangement around 1816 when the patch lock was patented. He says he then presented a drawing to a reluctant Joseph Manton to make a few copper cap guns which were then sold.[12] Hawker, seems to give Joseph Manton more of the glory eight years later in the 1838 edition of his 'Instructions to young Sportsmen', by stating categorically that "copper tubes and primers were decidedly invented by Joe Manton". By the 1850s Hawker was again claiming the invention for himself in his press advertisements.[13]
Despite many years of research by Winant, Gooding and De Witt Bailey, the jury is still out as the competing claims are based on personal accounts and have little or no independently verifiable evidence.
While the metal percussion cap was the most popular and widely used type of primer, their small size made them difficult to handle under the stress of combat or while riding a horse. Accordingly, several manufacturers developed alternative, "auto-priming" systems. The "Maynard tape primer", for example, used a roll of paper "caps" much like today's toycap gun. The Maynard tape primer was fitted to some firearms used in the mid-nineteenth century and a few saw brief use in theAmerican Civil War. Other disc or pellet-type primers held a supply of tiny fulminate detonator discs in a small magazine. Cocking the hammer automatically advanced a disc into position. However, these automatic feed systems were difficult to make with the manufacturing systems in the early and mid-nineteenth century and generated more problems than they solved. They were quickly shelved in favor of a single percussion cap that, while unwieldy in some conditions, could be carried in sufficient quantities to make up for occasionally dropping one, while a jammed tape primer system would instead reduce the rifle to an awkward club.[1]
This invention was gradually improved, and came to be used, first in a steel cap and then in a copper cap, by various gunmakers and private individuals before coming into general military use nearly thirty years later.[when?] The alteration of the military flintlock to the percussion musket was easily accomplished by replacing the powder pan and steel frizzen with a nipple and by replacing the cock or hammer that held the flint by a smaller hammer formed with a hollow made to fit around the nipple when released by the trigger. On the nipple was placed the copper cap containing Shaw's detonating composition of three parts of chlorate of potash, two of fulminate of mercury and one of powdered glass. The hollow in the hammer contained the fragments of the cap if it fragmented, reducing the risk of injury to the firer's eyes. From the 1820s onwards, the armies of Britain, France, Russia, and America began converting their muskets to the new percussion system. Caplocks were generally applied to the British military musket (theBrown Bess) in 1842, a quarter of a century after the invention of percussion powder and after an elaborate government test at Woolwich in 1834. The first percussion firearm produced for the US military was the percussion carbine version (c.1833) of theM1819 Hall rifle. The Americans'breech loading caplock Hall rifles, muzzle loading rifled muskets andColt Dragoonrevolvers gave them an advantage over thesmoothbore flintlock Brown Bess muskets used bySanta Anna's troops during theMexican War. In Japan, matchlock pistols and muskets were converted to percussion from the 1850s onwards, and new guns based onexisting designs were manufactured as caplocks.[14]
The Austrians instead used a variant of Manton'stube lock in theirAugustin musket until the conventional caplockLorenz rifle was introduced in 1855. The first practical solution for the problem of handling percussion caps in battle was the Prussian 1841 (Dreyse needle gun), which used a long needle to penetrate a paper cartridge filled with black powder and strike the percussion cap that was fastened to the base of the bullet.[15] While it had a number of problems, it was widely used by the Prussians and other German states in the mid-nineteenth century and was a major factor in the 1866Austro-Prussian War. The needle gun originally fired paper cartridges containing a bullet, powder charge and percussion cap, but by the time of theFranco-Prussian War this had evolved into modern brass ammunition.[16]
The percussion cap brought about the invention of the moderncartridge case and made possible the general adoption of the breech-loading principle for all varieties of rifles, shotguns and pistols. After the American Civil War, Britain, France, and America began converting existing caplock guns to accept brassrimfire andcentrefire cartridges. For muskets such as the1853 Enfield and1861 Springfield, this involved installing afiring pin in place of the nipple, and a trapdoor in the breech to accept the new bullets. Examples include theTrapdoor Springfield,Tabatière rifle,Westley Richards andSnider–Enfield conversions. The British Army used Snider Enfields contemporaneously with theMartini–Henry rifle until the .303bolt actionLee–Metfordrepeating rifle was introduced in the 1880s. Later,military surplus Sniders were purchased as hunting and defensive weapons by British colonists and trusted local natives.[17][18]
Caplock revolvers such as theColt Navy andRemington were also widely converted during the late 19th century, by replacing the existing cylinder with one designed for modern ammunition. These were used extensively by the Turks in theRusso-Turkish War, theUS Cavalry during theIndian Wars, and also bygunfighters, lawmen, and outlaws in the old west.[19]
In the 1840s and 1850s, the percussion cap was first integrated into a metallic cartridge, where the bullet is held in by the casing, the casing is filled with gunpowder, and aprimer is placed on the end. By the 1860s and 1870s,breech-loading metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete.[citation needed]
Today, reproduction percussion firearms are popular for recreational shooters and percussion caps are still available (though some modern muzzleloaders useshotshell primers instead of caps).[20] Most percussion caps now use non-corrosive compounds such aslead styphnate.[1]
Caps are used incartridges,grenades,rocket-propelled grenades andrescue flares. Percussion caps are also used inland minefuzes,booby-trap firing devices andanti-handling devices. Most purpose-made military booby-trap firing devices contain some form ofspring-loadedfiring pin designed to strike a percussion cap connected to adetonator at one end. The detonator is inserted into an explosive charge—e.g.,C-4 or a block ofTNT. Triggering the booby-trap (e.g., by pulling on a trip-wire) releases the cocked firing pin that flips forward to strike the percussion cap, firing it and the attached detonator; the shock-wave from the detonator sets off the main explosive charge.[citation needed]
