Pepsi is acarbonatedsoft drink with acola flavor, manufactured byPepsiCo which serves as its flagship product. In 2023, Pepsi was the second most valuable soft drink brand worldwide behindCoca-Cola;[1] the two share a long-standing rivalry in what has been called the "cola wars".[2]
Pepsi, originally created in 1893 byCaleb Bradham and named "Brad's Drink," was first sold in his drugstore inNew Bern, North Carolina. Renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898 due to its supposed digestive benefits, its name was shortened to Pepsi in 1961. The beverage's formula initially includedsugar andvanilla but notpepsin, despite speculation on the origin of its name. Early on, Pepsi struggled with financial stability, going bankrupt in 1923 but was subsequently purchased and revived byCharles Guth, who reformulated the syrup. Pepsi gained popularity with the introduction of a 12-ouncebottle during theGreat Depression and clever marketing strategies like the "Nickel, Nickel" jingle, doubling sales by emphasizing its value.
The mid-20th century saw Pepsi targeting theAfrican American market, a then-untapped demographic, with positive portrayals and endorsements from prominent figures, boosting its market share. Pepsi's rivalry with Coca-Cola, highlighted by the "cola wars", led to significant cultural and market competition, including the "Pepsi Challenge" taste tests and the introduction ofNew Coke in response. Pepsi's expansion into international markets has seen varied success, with notable ventures into theSoviet Union via a landmark barter deal and enduring popularity in certain regions over Coca-Cola.
Despite occasional controversies, such as an abortedMadonna advertisement and the "Pepsi Number Fever" fiasco in the Philippines, Pepsi has remained a prominent global brand, partly thanks to innovative marketing campaigns and sponsorships in sports and entertainment. PepsiCo have since launched new drinks under the Pepsi brand, such asDiet Pepsi andPepsi Max, that make up the brand portfolio today on top of the original Pepsi cola.
History
The pharmacy ofCaleb Bradham, with a Pepsi dispenser
Pepsi was first invented in 1893 as "Brad's Drink" by Caleb Bradham, who sold the drink at his drugstore in New Bern, North Carolina.[3]
It was renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898, "Pepsi" because it was advertised to relievedyspepsia[4][3][5] (indigestion) and with "Cola" referring to thecola flavor.[5] Some have also suggested that "Pepsi" may have been a reference to the drink aiding digestion like the digestive enzymepepsin,[6][5] but pepsin itself was never used as an ingredient to Pepsi-Cola.[3]
The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla.[3] Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy.[3]
A 1919 newspaper ad for Pepsi-Cola
In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneerBarney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi, describing it as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The advertising theme "Delicious and Healthful" was then used over the next two decades.[7]
In 1923, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy—in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on the wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result ofWorld War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark.[3] Megargel was unsuccessful in efforts to find funding to revive the brand and soon Pepsi-Cola's assets were purchased byCharles Guth, the president ofLoft, Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replaceCoca-Cola at his stores' fountains afterThe Coca-Cola Company refused to give him additional discounts on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.[8]On three occasions between 1922 and 1933, the Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola Company, which it declined on each occasion.[9]
Growth in popularity
A plaque at 256 Middle Street, New Bern, North Carolina
During theGreat Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1934 of a 12-ounce (355 mL) bottle. Prior to that, Pepsi and Coca-Cola sold their drinks in 6.5-ounce (192 mL) servings for about $0.05 a bottle.[10] With a radio advertising campaign featuring the popular jingle "Nickel, Nickel" – first recorded by theTune Twisters in 1940 – Pepsi encouraged price-conscious consumers to double the volume their nickels could purchase.[11][12] The jingle is arranged in a way that loops, creating a never-ending tune:
"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you."[13]
Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.[14]
Pepsi's success under Charles Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle,Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching theDelaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth.[citation needed]
Second half of the 20th century
Pepsi cans styled with old designs from the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s respectively
Pepsi-Cola began a continuous rise in popularity and sales growth starting in the 1950s under the leadership ofAlfred Steele and laterDonald M. Kendall.[15][16] With Pepsi having been seen as a "poor man's Coca-Cola" that was "popular in the kitchen but it rarely arrived in theparlor", Steele gravitated production from economy to quality. The sugar content in Pepsi-Cola syrup was also lowered slightly to desweeten the taste. Combined with company and production changes, Pepsi sales had boomed by 1956[17] and gradually narrowed the gap to its large competitor.[18]
By the mid 1950s, amid a time when cola products were booming all over the world. the drink was being bottled in over 700 plans across seventy countries around the world. These helped make Pepsi-Cola a popular product in many markets, including in the Middle East following the opening of a plant inCairo, and theBeirut Daily Star referred to the "Pepsi-Cola culture" when distribution began in Lebanon in 1952.[19] Notably, in 1974 Pepsi became the very first American consumer product to be produced, marketed and sold in theSoviet Union.[20]
In 1958, the "swirl" design bottle began to be used for distributing Pepsi.[21] In 1963, the drink began to be distributed in America in larger 16-ounce (473 mL) bottles, and 12-ounce cans were introduced as well.[22]Diet Pepsi, a second Pepsi product and the first extending the brand, was launched in 1964.
Beginning in the mid 1960s, aggressive and effective marketing of the product (seePepsi Generation andPepsi Challenge), mostly aimed at the younger generation, drastically increased the drink's popularity to become a formidable competitor to long-time market leaderCoca-Cola.[23] Pepsi machines were also installed in theWhite House cafeteria whenRichard Nixon, who already had a close relationship with Pepsi, assumed the American presidency in 1969.[24] Although total Pepsi sales never overtook that of Coca-Cola, the latter's lead in the American market had been narrowed to 1½-to-1 as of 1980 (from 5-to-1 in 1950),[21] and Pepsi was outselling its rival in the "take-home" market, which includes supermarkets.[21]
In November 1984, PepsiCo announced that it would, at least in the US, exclusively usehigh-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) to sweeten its canned, bottled and fountain Pepsi-Cola, replacingcorn sugar. The Coca-Cola Company also did the same around the same time.[25]
Pepsi has 10 more calories and two more grams of sugar and carbohydrates than Coca-Cola.[33]Caffeine-Free Pepsi contains the same ingredients but without the caffeine.
In many countries since the 2020s, a new Pepsi formulation has been distributed in bottles and cans with the reduction of sugar content and the addition ofartificial sweetenersAcesulfame K andSucralose.[34] It replaced the original formulation in many regions including Argentina[35] and across Europe since at least 2021,[34] with sugar being reduced by over one third from approximately 10.7 g to 7.0 g (per 100 mL) in some countries, while in Western Europe sugar was cut by more than half, to 4.6 g per 100 mL.[36][37][38] The new formulation also came into effect in Australia in 2025 (with sugar reduced by one-third)[39][40] The change was done as part of PepsiCo's pro-health commitment across all its brands,[41] as well as the increasingsugar taxes and regulations all around the world.[42][43]
Today the Pepsi portfolio consists of three main major brands: the regular Pepsi (since 1893),Diet Pepsi/Pepsi Light (since 1964) andPepsi Max (since 1993, intertwines withPepsi Zero Sugar).[44] The latter are low-calorie products. In addition,Caffeine-Free Pepsi has been produced since 1982, and a retro-themed drink made ofcane sugar is sold exclusively in North America, calledPepsi Throwback.
In addition, since the 1970s Pepsi have distributed a large variety of flavors blended with the cola, such asPepsi Wild Cherry (cherry flavored) andPepsi Twist (lemon flavored), and has also experimented with special limited editions and country-exclusive Pepsi colas throughout the years.[45][46]
Fictional drinks
A vitamin-enriched Pepsi variation called "Pepsi Perfect" in a special bottle was shown in the 1989 movieBack to the Future Part II in scenes set in the future year 2015. This was in 2015 released as a limited-edition drink.[47] Only 6,500 bottles were available for $20.15, they have since been sold for hundreds of dollars oneBay.[48]
From the 1930s through the late 1950s, "Pepsi-Cola Hits The Spot" was the most commonly used slogan in the days ofold-time radio,classic motion pictures andearly days of television.[49] Its jingle (conceived in the days when Pepsi cost only five cents) was used in many different forms with different lyrics. With the rise of radio, Pepsi-Cola utilized the services of a young, up-and-coming actress namedPolly Bergen to promote products, oftentimes, lending her singing talents to the classic "...Hits The Spot" jingle.
Film actressJoan Crawford, after marrying Pepsi-Cola presidentAlfred N. Steele became a spokesperson for Pepsi, appearing in commercials, television specials, and televisedbeauty pageants on behalf of the company. Crawford also had images of the soft drink placed prominently in several of her later films. When Steele died in 1959, Crawford was appointed to the Board of Directors of Pepsi-Cola, a position she held until 1973, although she was not a board member of the larger PepsiCo, created in 1965.[50]
Pepsi marketing has also been marred in controversy. In 1989, Pepsi commissioned a $5 million marketing campaign to coincide with the release ofMadonna's song "Like a Prayer", but was cancelled following strong backlash regarding the religious themes in the song's music video.[53] In 1992, thePepsi Number Fever marketing campaign in thePhilippines accidentally distributed 800,000 winning bottle caps for a 1 millionpeso grand prize, leading to riots and the deaths of five people.[54]
In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successfulPepsi Stuff marketing strategy.[55] "Project Blue" was launched in several international markets outside the United States in April.[55] The launch included extravagant publicity stunts, such as a Concorde airplane painted in blue colors (which was owned byAir France) and a banner on theMir space station. The Project Blue design was first tested in the United States in June 1997, and was released that December in preparation for Pepsi's 100th anniversary.[56][57] It was at this point, the logo began to be referred to as the Pepsi Globe.[58]
From 1986 to 1991, the wordmark in the Pepsi logo was typeset inHandel Gothic.[59] This logo was also used forPepsi Throwback until 2014. In October 2008, Pepsi announced that it would redesign its logo and re-brand many of its products by early 2009. In 2009, Pepsi,Diet Pepsi, andPepsi Max began using all lower-case fonts for name brands. The brand'sblue and red globe trademark became a series of "smiles," with the central white band initially arcing at different angles depending on the product.[60] In March 2023, Pepsi unveiled a new logo expected to launch in North America in late-2023,[61][62][63][64] and internationally in 2024 (including 2025 in Colombia). The logo is a modernization of the "vintage" Pepsi logo; accompanying branding elements will also shift from blue to black as their primary color.[62][63]
Selected logo history for Pepsi
The original stylized Pepsi-Cola wordmark, used from 1898 until 1905
The stylized Pepsi-Cola wordmark used from 1951 to 1971. Reused for some special products since 2014.
ThePepsi Globe logo used from 1971 to 1986. Reused for special products from 2009–14.
The Pepsi globe and wordmark used from 1997 to 2003
The Pepsi globe and wordmark used from 2014 to 2023
The current Pepsi globe logo since August 23, 2023
Niche marketing
Walter Mack was named the new president of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company through the 1940s. Mack, who supportedprogressive causes, noticed that the company's strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or used ethnic stereotypes in portraying Blacks. Up until the 1940s, the full revenue potential of what was called "the Negro market" was largely ignored bywhite-owned manufacturers in the U.S.[65]
Mack realized that Black people were an untappedniche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its advertising directly towards them.[66] To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising executive "from theNegro newspaper field"[67] to lead an all-black sales team, which had to be cut due to the onset of World War II.
A 1940s advertisement specifically targeting African Americans, an untapped niche market that was largely ignored by white-owned manufacturers in the U.S. A youngRon Brown is the boy reaching for a bottle.
In 1947, Walter Mack resumed his efforts, hiringEdward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack of Pepsi while her son (a youngRon Brown, who grew up to beSecretary of Commerce)[68] reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled "Leaders in Their Fields", profiled twenty prominent African Americans such asNobel Peace Prize winnerRalph Bunche and photographerGordon Parks.
Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of blacks around the country to promote Pepsi.Racial segregation andJim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the U.S.; Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result,[67] from insults by Pepsi co-workers to threats by theKu Klux Klan.[68] On the other hand, it was able to use its anti-racism stance as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of The Coca-Cola Company for segregationistgovernor of GeorgiaHerman Talmadge.[66] As a result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coca-Cola's shot up dramatically in the 1950s with African American soft-drink consumers three times more likely to purchase Pepsi over Coke.[69] After the sales team visitedChicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.[66]
Journalist Stephanie Capparell interviewed six men who were on the team in the late 1940s. The team members had a grueling schedule, working seven days a week, morning and night, for weeks on end. They visitedbottlers, churches, ladies groups, schools, college campuses,YMCAs, community centers, insurance conventions, teacher and doctor conferences, and various civic organizations. They got famous jazzmen such asDuke Ellington andLionel Hampton to promote Pepsi from the stage. No group was too small or too large to target for a promotion.[70]
Pepsi advertisements avoided the stereotypical images common in the major media that depictedAunt Jemimas andUncle Bens, whose role was to draw a smile from white customers. Instead, it portrayed black customers as self-confidentmiddle-class citizens who showed very good taste in their soft drinks. They were economical too, as Pepsi bottles were twice the size.[71]
This focus on the market for black people caused some consternation within the company and among its affiliates. It did not want to seem focused on black customers for fear white customers would be pushed away.[66] In a national meeting, Mack tried to assuage the 500 bottlers in attendance by pandering to them, saying "We don't want it to become known as anigger drink."[72] After Mack left the company in 1950, support for the black sales team faded and it was cut.[65]
Boyd was replaced in 1952 byHarvey C. Russell Jr., who was notable for his marketing campaigns towards black youth inNew Orleans. These campaigns, held at locales attended largely by black children, would encourage children to collect Pepsi bottle caps, which they could then exchange for rewards. One example is Pepsi's 1954 "Pepsi Day at the Beach" event, where New Orleans children could ride rides at an amusement park in exchange for Pepsi bottle caps. By the end of the event, 125,000 bottle caps been collected. According toThe Pepsi Cola World, the New Orleans campaign was a success; once people's supply of bottle caps ran out, the only way they could get more was to buy more Pepsi.[73]
According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market. Pepsi conductedblind taste tests in stores, in what was called the "Pepsi Challenge". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi to Coca-Cola. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the "Challenge" across the nation. This became known as the "cola wars".
In 1985,The Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changedits formula. The theory has been advanced thatNew Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash led to Coca-Cola quickly reintroducing the original formula as "Coca-Cola Classic".
In 1989,Billy Joel mentioned the rivalry between the two companies in the song "We Didn't Start the Fire". The line "Rock & Roller Cola Wars" refers to Pepsi and Coke's usage of various musicians in advertising campaigns. Coke usedPaula Abdul, while Pepsi usedMichael Jackson. Both companies then competed to get othermusicians to advertise its beverages.
According toBeverage Digest's 2008 report on carbonated soft drinks, PepsiCo's U.S. market share is 30.8 percent, while The Coca-Cola Company's is 42.7 percent (this includes all their respective brands).[74] Coca-Cola outsells Pepsi in most parts of the U.S., notable exceptions being centralAppalachia,Montana,North Dakota, andUtah. In the city ofBuffalo, New York, Pepsi outsells Coca-Cola by a two-to-one margin.[75] As of 2024, Pepsi had fallen behindCoca-Cola andDr Pepper as the third most popular soft drink in the United States, losing its second place spot to the aforementioned Dr Pepper, a position it had held since 1985.[76]
While total American Pepsi sales figures never overtook that of Coca-Cola (with the special exception of 1985 when Coca-Cola sales were fractured between New Coke and Coca-Cola Classic[77]), in corporate terms, the PepsiCo company had overtaken the Coca-Cola Company in total corporate sales in 1979, partly driven by PepsiCo's wide range of non-beverage products (after its merger withFrito-Lay in 1965).[24][78]
InIndia, by most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977, when it left India because of the new foreign exchange laws which mandated majority shareholding in companies to be held by Indian shareholders; Coca-Cola was unwilling to dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by theForeign Exchange Regulation Act, which would have forced them to sharetheir formula with an entity in which it did not have majority shareholding.[83] In 1988, PepsiCo entered the Indian market by creating a joint venture with thegovernment of Punjab-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991, when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo promptly bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, Coca-Cola returned to the Indian market in pursuance of India'sliberalization policy.[84] As of 2012, Pepsi is the third most popular carbonated drink in India, with a 15% market share, behindSprite andThums Up. In comparison, Coca-Cola is the fourth most popular carbonated drink, occupying a mere 8.8% of the Indian market share.[85]
InRussia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke, but it was undercut once theCold War ended. In 1972, PepsiCo struck a barter agreement with thegovernment of the Soviet Union, in which PepsiCo was granted exportation and Western marketing rights toStolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing of Pepsi.[86][87] This exchange led to Pepsi being the first foreign product sanctioned for sale in the Soviet Union.[88] Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread spawned words like "cocacolonization", Pepsi and its relation to the Soviet system turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term "Pepsi-stroika" began appearing as a pun on "perestroika", the reform policy of the Soviet Union underMikhail Gorbachev.[89] Critics viewed the policy as an attempt to usher in Western products in deals there with the old elites; Pepsi, as one of the first American products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy, reflected in Russian authorVictor Pelevin's bookGeneration P. In 1992, following thedissolution of the Soviet Union, Coca-Cola was introduced to theRussian market and rapidly captured a significant market share due to public perceptions of Coca-Cola as representative of the new post-Soviet system (as opposed to Pepsi being exemplary of the old Soviet era), a market growth that might otherwise have required years to achieve. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent.[90]
Pepsi was introduced inRomania in 1966, during the early liberalization policies ofNicolae Ceaușescu, opening a factory atConstanța in 1967. This was done as a barter agreement similar to the one in the USSR, withRomanian wine serving as their bartered drink sold in the West. Pepsi quickly became popular in Romania, especially among young people, but due to theausterity measures imposed in the 1980s, it became scarce and difficult to find. After the fall of Soviet communism in 1991, PepsiCo entered the new Romanian market economy, and still maintains a bigger popularity than Coca-Cola, which was introduced in Romania in 1992, despite heavy competition during the 1990s (sometime between 2000 and 2005, Pepsi overtook Coca-Cola in sales in Romania).[91]
In 1984,Venezuela was cited as the only country where Pepsi cola sales were higher than Coca-Cola.[92]
Pepsi did not sell soft drinks inIsrael until 1991. Many Israelis and someAmerican Jewish organizations attributed Pepsi's previous reluctance to expand operations in Israel to fears of anArab boycott. Pepsi, which has a large and lucrative business in the Arab world, denied the claims, stating that economic, rather than political, reasons kept it out of Israel.[93]
Pepsi entered the market inVietnam in 1994 after the end of an American trade embargo against the country. Both Pepsi and Coca-Cola immediately launched following the end of the embargo, starting a 'cola war' in Vietnam.[94][95]
Pepsiman
This section is about the mascot of Pepsi. For the game featuring the mascot, seePepsiman (video game).
Pepsiman is an official Pepsi mascot from Pepsi'sJapanese corporate branch, which debuted in March 1996.[96][97] Pepsiman took on three different outfits, each one representing the current style of the Pepsi can in distribution.[98] Twelve commercials were created featuring the character. His role in the advertisements is to appear with Pepsi to thirsty people or people craving soda.[99]
Pepsiman happens to appear at just the right time with the product. After delivering the beverage, sometimes Pepsiman would encounter a difficult and action-oriented situation which would result in injury. Pepsiman is mostly silent, and he has no face except for a hole that opens up whenever he delivers a Pepsi.[100] Another more minor mascot, Pepsiwoman, also featured in a few of her own commercials forPepsi Twist; her appearance is basically a female Pepsiman wearing a lemon-shapedbalaclava.[101]
In 1996,Sega-AM2 released theSega Saturn version of its arcade fighting gameFighting Vipers.[102] In this game, Pepsiman was included as a special character, with his specialty listed as being the ability to "quench one's thirst." He does not appear in any other version or sequel.
In 1999,KID developed avideo game for thePlayStation entitledPepsiman. As the titular character, the player runs "on rails" (forced motion on a scrolling linear path), skateboards, rolls, and stumbles through various areas, avoiding dangers and collecting cans of Pepsi, all while trying to reach a thirsty person as in the commercials.[103][104][105] Despite largely being considered a financial failure, Pepsiman has developed acult following due to its over the top and nonsensical premise.[106][107]
In 1997, after his sponsorship with Coca-Cola ended, retiredNASCAR Cup Series driverJeff Gordon signed a long-term contract with Pepsi, and he drove with the Pepsi logos on his car with various paint schemes for about 2 races each year, usually a darker paint scheme during nighttime races. Pepsi has remained as one of his sponsors ever since. Pepsi has also sponsored theNFL Rookie of the Year award since 2002.[115]
TheBuffalo Bisons, anAmerican Hockey League team, was sponsored by Pepsi-Cola in its later years; the team adopted the beverage's red, white, and blue color scheme along with a modification of the Pepsi logo (with the word "Buffalo" in place of the Pepsi-Cola wordmark). The Bisons ceased operations in 1970, making way for theBuffalo Sabres of the NHL.[citation needed]
^Vincent Tompkins; Judith Baughman; James W. Hipp (1994).American Decades: 1900-1909. Gale Research.ISBN978-0-8103-5722-8.Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved2020-09-12.Pepsi derives its name from the ailment it was advertised to relieve: dyspepsia.
^abcTristan Donovan (November 1, 2013).Fizz: How Soda Shook Up the World. Chicago Review Press. p. 72.ISBN978-1-61374-725-4.Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 12, 2020.The cola part of the name was an obvious nod to the cola flavor of the drink, while the word Pepsi referred to his goal of making an indigestion-easing beverage. Whether the word Pepsi came from the digestive enzyme pepsin or dyspepsia [...] or both isn't known.
^"Pepsi – FAQs".PepsiCo. Archived fromthe original on May 6, 2008. RetrievedOctober 12, 2009.1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The theme "Delicious and Healthful" appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.
^Marketing, Baer Performance (July 1, 2011)."Flashback Friday- "Nickel Nickel"".Baer Performance Marketing.Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. RetrievedJune 13, 2019.
^"Pepsi introduserer ny oppskrift: Lavere sukkerinnhold i populære brus".Dagens (in Norwegian Bokmål). 2024-06-29. Retrieved2025-09-11.Pepsi fortsetter sin søken etter sunnere alternativer ved å introdusere en ny oppskrift for Pepsi Regular, som nå inneholder bare 4,55 gram sukker per 100 milliliter og 18 kalorier per 100 milliliter. [Pepsi continues its quest for healthier alternatives by introducing a new recipe for Pepsi Regular, which now contains just 4.55 grams of sugar per 100 milliliters and 18 calories per 100 milliliters.]
^"Pepsi announces new Prebiotic Cola".Yahoo. July 21, 2025.Pepsi has experimented extensively in international markets, especially in Japan, with unique and often short-lived flavors
^Weems, Robert E. Jr. (February 1998).Desegregating the dollar: African American consumerism in the twentieth century. New York University Press. pp. 50–51.ISBN0-8147-9290-1.
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