 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "People-first language" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Disability |
|---|
Therapy |
People-first language orperson-first language is the practice of distancing a person from a trait or condition they have by preferring phrases such as "a person withdiabetes", "people experiencinghomelessness", and "people withsubstance use disorders" as opposed toidentity-first language like "diabetic people", "homeless people", and "substance abusers".
As a form of disability etiquette, the practice is intended to avoid unconsciouslystigmatizing ordehumanizing people withchronic illnesses ordisabilities, by treating them as a secondary characteristics to their personhood rather than anessential or subsuming component of their identity.
Some organizations have adoptedstyle guidelines preferring or requiring person-first language when writing about disability, though some communities includingDeaf people,blind people, and someautism advocates have rejected its usage.APA style recommends using either identity-first or person-first language as appropriate for the community or individual being discussed.[1] Phrases like "disabled person", "Deaf person", and "blind person" are generally accepted and often preferred.
People-first language is a type oflinguistic prescription. It aims to avoid perceived and subconsciousdehumanization when discussing people withdisabilities and is sometimes referred to (for example, byNHS England's style guide) as a type of disability etiquette. People-first language can also be applied to any group that is defined by a condition rather than as a people: for example, "those that are homeless" rather than "the homeless."
Rather than using labels to define individuals with a health issue, people-first language uses terminology that describes individuals as being diagnosed with an illness or disorder. People-first language puts the person before the diagnosis and describes what the person has, not what the person is.[2]
The basic idea is to use a sentence structure that names the person first and the condition second, for example, "people with disabilities" rather than "disabled people" or "disabled," to emphasize that they are people first. Because it is a common practice in English to place an adjective before a noun, the adjective might be replaced with a relative clause, e.g., from "an asthmatic person" to "a person who has asthma."
By using such a sentence structure, the speaker articulates the idea of a disability as a secondary attribute, not a characteristic of a person's identity. (See also:Distancing (psychology).)
Recommendations and explanations to use person-first language date back as early as around 1960. In her classic textbook,[3] Beatrice Wright (1960)[3a] began her rationale for avoiding the dangers of terminological short cuts like "disabled person" by citing studies from the field of semantics that "show that language is not merely an instrument for voicing ideas but that it also plays a role inshaping ideas" (p. 7). She concludes her arguments thus: "Since physique does stimulate value judgments, it is particularly important to use expressions insofar as feasible that separate physical attributes from the total person" (p. 8). Another influential rehabilitation psychologist, Carolyn Vash, who also spoke from the perspective of her experience living with quadriplegia from polio, advanced similar arguments for person-first language in an unpublished address in 1959.[4]
The termpeople-first language first appeared in 1988 as recommended byadvocacy groups in the United States.[4] The usage has been widely adopted byspeech-language pathologists and researchers, with "person who stutters" (PWS) replacing "stutterer".[5] It has been used inAIDS activism, appearing in theDenver Principles (1983), which stated in part, "We condemn attempts to label us as 'victims', a term which implies defeat, and we are only occasionally 'patients', a term which implies passivity, helplessness, and dependence upon the care of others. We are 'People With AIDS'."
Use has been recommended in other increasingly common chronic conditions, such as asthma and diabetes. Non-profit organizations, such as the Obesity Action Coalition have expanded advocacy for People-First Language toobesity. As of 2017[update], 5 U.S. medical societies had pledged for it, and use it in their communications: the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The Obesity Society, American Society of Bariatric Physicians, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.[6]
Some advocacy groups and organizations such asAutism Speaks,[7]The Arc[8] and Disability Is Natural[9] support using people-first language.
In people-first language, preconceptions judged to be negative are thought to arise from placing the name of the condition before the term "person" or "people", such as "white person" or "Jewish people". Proponents of people-first language argue that this places an undue focus on the condition, which distracts from the humanity of the members of the community of people with the condition.
A 2008 experiment researched teenagers' perception ofepilepsy with respect to people-first language. Teenagers from a summer camp were divided into two groups. One group was asked questions using the term "people with epilepsy", and the other group was asked using the term "epileptics", with questions including "Do you think that people with epilepsy/epileptics have more difficulties at school?" and "Do you have prejudice toward people with epilepsy/epileptics?" The study showed that the teenagers had higher "stigma perception" on the Stigma Scale of Epilepsy when hearing the phrase "epileptics" as opposed to "people with epilepsy".[10]
Some U.S. organizations like the United Spinal Association have published disability etiquette guides, which prescribe people-first language.[11][12] The 2007For Dummies guide toetiquette prescribed people-first language.[13]
As of 2017[update], the rules of people-first language have become normative in US governmental institutions on the federal (e.g. CDC)[14] and on state levels in the health departments' Developmental Disabilities Councils e.g. Michigan[15] West Virginia[16] Idaho,[17] Missouri[18] Georgia,[19] or Texas.[20]
As of 2007, it has been a requirement inAMA Manual of Style foracademic journals.[21][22]APA style says that both people-first andidentity-first language are acceptable, but stresses using the preferred style of the group or individuals involved (if they have one).[1]
NHS England’s style guide calls foridentity-first language inone instance (using “disabled people” rather than “people with a disability"), but remains ambivalent between people-first and identity-first languages in other examples (such as recommending “People with a learning disability or autistic people”.[23] TheUK government recommends people-first terminology such as “people with health conditions or impairments”, but consents to the terms “disabled people”, “deaf”, and “blind” to reflect general acceptance by the relevant communities.[24]NHS Scotland also encourages “the use of ‘people first’ language; language that focuses first on the person, not the behaviour (e.g. people who use drugs).”[25]
The most common alternative to person-first language is usually called identity-first language. For example, while someone who advocates for person-first language might refer to a client as a "person with autism", that same client may prefer identity-first language, and ask to be called an "autistic person". Others have proposed "person-centered language", which, instead of being a replacement linguistic rule, promotes prioritizing the preferences of those who are being referred to and argues for greater nuance in the language used to describe people and groups of people.[26]
Autism activistJim Sinclair rejects person-first language, on the grounds that "person with autism" suggests autism can be separated from the person.[27] Identity-first language is preferred by many autistic people and organizations run by them.[28][29][30] Lydia Brown of theAutistic Self Advocacy Network says:[31]
In the autism community, many self-advocates and their allies prefer terminology such as "Autistic," "Autistic person," or "Autistic individual" because we understand autism as an inherent part of an individual’s identity. ... It is impossible to affirm the value and worth of an Autistic person without recognizing his or her identity as an Autistic person. Referring to me as "a person with autism," or "an individual with ASD" demeans who I am because it denies who I am. ... When we say "person with autism," we say that it is unfortunate and an accident that a person is Autistic ... that the person would be better off if not Autistic, and that it would have been better if he or she had been born typical.
In 1993, theNational Federation of the Blind in the US adopted a resolution condemning people-first language. The resolution dismissed the notion that "the word 'person' must invariably precede the word 'blind' to emphasize the fact that a blind person is first and foremost a person" as "totally unacceptable and pernicious" and resulting in the exact opposite of its purported aim, since "it is overly defensive, implies shame instead of true equality, and portrays the blind as touchy and belligerent".[32]
InDeaf culture, person-first language has long been rejected. Instead, Deaf culture uses Deaf-first language since being culturally Deaf is a source of positive identity and pride.[33] Correct terms to use for this group would be "Deaf person" or "hard of hearing person".[34] The phrase "hearing impaired" is not acceptable to most deaf or hard of hearing people because it emphasizes what they cannot do.[35]
Critics have objected that people-first language is awkward, repetitive and makes for tiresome writing and reading. C. Edwin Vaughan, asociologist and longtime activist for the blind, argues that since "in common usage positive pronouns usually precede nouns", "the awkwardness of the preferred language focuses on the disability in a new and potentially negative way". According to Vaughan, it only serves to "focus on disability in an ungainly new way" and "calls attention to a person as having some type of 'marred identity'" in terms ofErving Goffman's theory of identity.[36] In thesocial model of disability, a person "is" disabled by societal and environmental factors. However, most people with visual impairment are not blind. Likewise, most people with hearing impairment are notprofoundly deaf.
Supportive housing needs of elderly and disabled persons: hearing before the Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session on S. 566 ... theNational Affordable Housing Act, June 2, 1989, Volumes 22–23: "All references to 'handicapped individuals' in the Act must be changed to 'people with disabilities'" – We join with many of our fellow advocacy organizations in emphasizing the importance of using 'people first' language throughout the Act.
