People's Monarchist Party Partido Popular Monárquico | |
|---|---|
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| Abbreviation | PPM |
| Leader | Gonçalo da Câmara Pereira |
| Founder | Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles Francisco Rolão Preto |
| Founded | 23 May 1974 (1974-05-23) |
| Headquarters | Travessa Pimenteira, 1300-460,Lisbon |
| Youth wing | Monarchical Youth (JM; dissolved in 2024) |
| Ideology | Constitutional monarchism[1] Portuguesenationalism Conservatism[1] Christian democracy Euroscepticism[2] Agrarianism[3] Historically (before 1988): Localism[4] Green conservatism[4] |
| Political position | Right-wing[5] |
| National affiliation | AD (1979–1983) Basta! (2019) AD (2024–2025) |
| European affiliation | European Christian Political Party[6] |
| International affiliation | International Monarchist Conference[7] |
| Colours | Blue |
| Assembly of the Republic | 0 / 230 |
| European Parliament | 0 / 21 |
| Regional parliaments | 1 / 57 |
| Local government (Mayors) | 0 / 308 |
| Local government (Parishes) | 1 / 3,216 |
| Election symbol | |
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| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| partidopopularmonarquico.pt | |
ThePeople's Monarchist Party (Portuguese:Partido Popular Monárquico,pronounced[pɐɾˈtiðupupuˈlaɾmuˈnaɾkiku]) is apolitical party in Portugal. It was founded in 1974 in an effort to unify Monarchist political forces opposed to theEstado Novo and supportive of theCarnation Revolution's restoration of Democracy.
The party seeks the restoration of thePortuguese monarchy, however, since 2008, argue that the leading claimants to the Portuguese throne, theHouse of Braganza, are illegitimate, instead supporting theHouse of Loulé. The People's Monarchist Party is a member of the International Monarchist Conference and theEuropean Christian Political Party.
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Portugal had been aMonarchy from its foundation in 1143 until 1910, often associated with theHouse of Braganza whosecured Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640 after the extinction of theHouse of Aviz and the ensuingIberian Union.[8] From 1828 to 1834 the House of Braganza fought acivil war between two of its factions, theMiguelists and the Constitutionalists, with the former supporting the moreabsolutist and traditionalistMiguel I the uncle of the rulingMaria II who usurped power from his niece arguing that women couldn't inherit the throne retroactively, while the latter supported Maria and where led by her fatherPedro I, who abdicated in favor of his daughter to becomeEmperor of Brazil in 1826. The Liberals would win, and Maria II was restored to the throne, and although Miguel renounced his claim to the throne, his descendants still claim royal legitimacy.[9]
Calls to abolish the Monarchy in favor of a Republic started in earnest in 1890 when the Kingdom caved to a British ultimatum to abandon thePink Map which proved to be a massive national embarrassment.[10] In 1908 Republicans wouldmassacre the royal family, killing both the king,Carlos I, and his son and heirLuís Filipe with the then 18-year-oldManuel II ascending to the throne.[11] Although Manuel was well liked he was unable to repair the deteriorating status of the Monarchy, and on the 5th of October, 1910, aRepublican revolution succeeded in toppling the monarchy and forcing the royal family into exile in the United Kingdom.[12] Elements of the military, however, remained loyal to the monarchy, and attempted to restore it which culminated in theMonarchy of the North, which saw Monarchists military formations size Portugal's second largest city,Porto, in 1919 as a launching point to restore royal control over the entire country. The monarchists, however, failed to gain any notable public support in the rest of the country, and after a Republican counter-attack, the Monarchy of the North was abolished before the end of the year with Monarchism becoming politically ostracized.[13]
The exiled Miguel II died suddenly in 1932 with no heirs meaning the Miguelist pretender,Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza, inherited the royal claim after reconciling with the main branch of the family shortly after their exile.[14] Meanwhile, the Portuguese Republic drifted into Dictatorship, withAntónio de Oliveira Salazar declaring theEstado Novo in 1932 under the stringently Catholic and Traditionalist ideology ofIntegralismo Lusitano.[15] Salazar sought to repair relations with the still exiled royal family, rescinding their order of exile and allowing them to return to Portugal in 1950. After the death of PresidentÓscar Carmona in 1951 Salazar briefly entertained the idea of restoring the Monarchy in a purely ceremonial role to tie his regime to the historical continuity of the Portuguese Empire, however, instead opted to hold an "election" where his allyFrancisco Craveiro Lopes ran unopposed. This was largely seen by Monarchists as a betrayal, with Monarchists becoming some of the most vocal and politically active opponents to Salazar during the Estado Novo.[16] Due to costlycolonial wars the Estado Novo was overthrown by the SocialistCarnation Revolution on April 25th, 1974.[17]
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The People's Monarchist Party was founded shortly after the Carnation Revolution on May 23rd, 1974, byFrancisco Rolão Preto who was elected the party's first President in an attempt to unify the various disparate monarchist groups in the country, however, due to his controversial earlier political beliefs, being the leader of the FascistNational Syndicalists, quickly handed leadership over toGonçalo Ribeiro Telles.[18] Duarte Nuno died in 1976, with his son,Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, succeeding him as the royal pretender.[19]
In 1979 the PPM entered an electoral pact with theSocial Democratic Party andCDS – People's Party called theDemocratic Alliance, which sought to create a unified right-wing ticket to oppose the Socialists who came to power in the Carnation Revolution.[20] The AD would win the1979 and1980 elections, and in return, the PPM was granted several ministerial posts, including Telles being named the "Minister for Quality of Life" however, the bloc fell apart following the1982 Portuguese local elections.[21]
Following the breakup of the AD, the PPM would continue as a marginal force in Portuguese politics, with only one MP, Telles, until his departure from the party in 1988 when he split to form his owngreen political party, theEarth Party.[4] Telles had turned the PPM into a sort of conservative green party of its own, forming an alliance with municipal localists and green leaders to some marginal electoral success, however, due to this, became increasingly unpopular with the monarchist establishment in the PPM.[22] Telles would be succeeded by former MPAugusto Ferreira do Amaral who led aristocracy advocacy groups and pressure groups calling for a monarchical restoration.[23]
do Amaral did not break with Telles municipal and green alliance, but instead looked to strengthen the party's monarchist core within this coalition.[24] He also realized that the PPM, on its own, wasn't a viable party to win national elections, so instead worked heavily with the PSD, winning their sanction to stand municipal ballots, with a somewhat sizable power-base in Lisbon.[25] do Amaral's tenure as party leader collapsed with the appointment ofLuís Coimbra to a vacant seat on theLisbon Municipal Chamber. Coimbra, who was a member of the PPM, joined the council as a member of the PSD, breaking the two parties coordination agreements in municipal politics, and driving a wedge between them on a national level. As do Amaral was the leading voice in favor of this alliance he bore the brunt of the blame within the party for it breaking up, leading to his resignation in 1990.[26]
At the party's XIII Congress it electedNuno Cardoso da Silva as its new leader.[27] During this time frame the party again faded into obscurity, shedding its alliance with local and green politicians to reinforce its monarchistic core, at the cost of what little popular support it had. The party sought to stand on its own in national elections, instead of as a member of a coalition, but only got 25,216 votes (~0.03%) in the1991 Portuguese legislative election. Due to the party not making any significant gains in elections, da Silva would also resign in 1993, but notably, in his resignation speech, levied criticism against Duarte Pio for treating the PPM as a rubber stamp for his own political aspirations.[28]
da Silva was replaced byFernando Manuel Moreira de Sá Monteiro, a notedgenealogist and historian representing a more scholarly and "dynastic" view of the party as a vehicle for the nobility. Notably de Sá Monteiro was a close ally of Duarte Pio, having received many "royal honors" from the royal house.[29] de Sá Monteiro attempted to continue da Silva's policy of standing for national elections, without much success, but was more focused on preserving doctrinal consistency and identity as monarchists opposed to the Portuguese republic, instead of a more generic conservative party.[30]
de Sá Monteiro was replaced as party leader in 1997 withMiguel Pignatelli Queiroz who sought to revive the PPM's older strategy of working with a larger party for national elections and to instead focus on local ones. To this end in 1991 he signed an official coalition agreement with the CDS-PP for the2002 Portuguese legislative election.[31] However, he would pivot to returning to the PSD fold, singing a coalition agreement which finally saw the PPM re-enter parliament for the first time in almost two decades after the2005 Portuguese legislative election, with two PPM candidates winning seats.[32] Queiroz would be surprisingly defeated in his re-election bid for party leader byNuno da Câmara Pereira, losing the election 31-61 following low turnout to the party congress.[33]
Pereira took the party in a radical new direction. Campaigning on improving youth support for monarchism, he also voiced opposition to theEuropean Constitution and pressed for Portuguese irredentist claims onOlivença, as well as stringent "political morality" by taking firmer, more conservative, stances on social issues.[34] Despite this, in May 2006, Duarte Pio was called the Duke of Braganza in an official capacity by the PSD-ledParliament of Portugal.[35]
Pereira began to challenge the until then unchecked power of Duarte Pio within the party, arguing that Duarte Pio and his father had no claim to the Portuguese throne, due to the Miguelists forfeiting their claim after the 1826 civil war. In 2008 Pereira wrote a bookThe Dukes of Loulé and the Succession to the Crown of Portugal, where he argued that theDuke of Loulé, the descendants ofNuno José Severo de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto, the uncle-in-law ofLuís I of Portugal who reigned from 1861-1889, should've become the Constitutionalist claimant, making Pereira's cousin,Pedro José Folque de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto, the rightful pretender to the crown.[36]
Pereira also broke from the electoral pact with the PSD, opting instead to stand the PPM on its own. This would result in a catastrophic defeat for the PPM in the2009 Portuguese legislative election, where they won only 15,262 votes, or 0.27% of the electorate, losing both of their seats in parliament and again moving to the fringes of Portuguese politics. Shortly afterwards in 2010 Pereira resigned from leadership due to "personal reasons."[37]
Pereira was succeeded byPaulo Estêvão one of the few remaining PPM elected politicians, being elected as a deputy of theLegislative Assembly of the Azores in the2008 election.[38] Estêvão knew that voters in theAzores had been a consistent base for the PPM and retooled the party to focus on local Azorean issues. He published a manifesto;Excerpts from A Monarchical Opposition to the AzoreanCaesarist Regime, where he called the Azorean government tyrannical for seeking aunity state over the archipelago and instead advocated forpopulist devolution of powers to municipalities, readopted many of the environmental positions the party had abandoned since the departure of do Amaral while also promoting a distinct Azorean cultural identity. Estêvão was able to establish a regional grassroots support base in the Azores, advocating for smaller, more isolated islands, and won re-election to his seat inCorvo in2012 and2016. However, Estêvão would resign as leader in 2017, being succeeded byGonçalo da Câmara Pereira.[39]
Pereira, while still keeping the party focused on the Azores, also began to look out at national politics, searching for a coalition partner just days after taking office. In 2019 he worked out a deal withChega! where he would join theirBasta! coalition for the2019 European elections while keeping their campaign focused on the Azores in an attempt to have the PPM be more included in national political dialogues.[40]
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By 2021 the PPM began to win local elections in mainland Portugal, with Pereira winning a seat on the LisbonAssembleia Municipal.[41] Shortly after the PSD began talks ofre-forming the AD in order to better contest the2024 elections to break theSocialist Party's nearly 10 year rule since 2015.[42] Although the PPM initially refused to join the reformed AD, citing its "weakness" and "lack of vision" they would ultimately join the bloc in time for the2024 Azorean regional election which the coalition won.[43][44] Despite the coalition also winning the2024 Portuguese legislative election the sole district where the PPM stood a candidate, Lisbon, saw the AD come up short of the required number of seats won to allot one to the PPM.[45][46] However, the party also chose to stand candidates onMadeira independently of the AD showcasing a general unease within the PPM over their role in the AD.[47]
Shortly after the election the PPM had a falling out with the AD due to their candidate not being placed higher on the list so they could've gotten a seat and left the bloc on a national level, but are still part of the AD regional coalition in the Azores.[48] Nationally, the AD replaced the PPM with their splinter, theEarth Party.[49]
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles | 32,526 | 0.6 (#10) | 0 / 250 | No seats | |
| 1976 | 28,320 | 0.5 (#10) | 0 / 263 |  0 | No seats | |
| 1979 | Democratic Alliance | 5 / 250 |  5 | Coalition | ||
| 1980 | 6 / 250 | 1 | Coalition | |||
| 1983 | 27,635 | 0.5 (#6) | 0 / 250 |  6 | No seats | |
| 1985 | withPS[50] | 1 / 250 | 1 | Opposition | ||
| 1987 | 23,218 | 0.4 (#10) | 0 / 250 | 1 | No seats | |
| 1991 | Nuno Cardoso da Silva | 25,216 | 0.4 (#9) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats |
| 1995 | Fernando de Sá Monteiro | Ecology & Future | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats | |
| 1999 | Miguel Pignatelli Queiroz | 16,522 | 0.3 (#8) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats |
| 2002 | 12,398 | 0.2 (#8) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats | |
| 2005 | Nuno da Câmara Pereira [pt] | withPSD | 2 / 230 | 2 | Opposition | |
| 2009 | 15,262 | 0.3 (#10) | 0 / 230 | 2 | No seats | |
| 2011 | Paulo Estêvão | 14,687 | 0.3 (#12) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats |
| 2015 | 14,916 | 0.3 (#14) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats | |
| 2019 | Gonçalo da Câmara Pereira | 8,389 | 0.2 (#19) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats |
| 2022 | 260 | 0.0 (#23) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats | |
| 2024 | Democratic Alliance | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats | ||
| 2025 | 5,616 | 0.1 (#17) | 0 / 230 | 0 | No seats | |
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | Miguel Esteves Cardoso | 155,990 | 2.77 (#6) | 0 / 24 | New | – |
| 1989 | 56,900 | 2.03 (#5) | 0 / 24 | 0 | ||
| 1994 | Paula Marinho | 8,300 | 0.27 (#11) | 0 / 25 | 0 | |
| 1999 | Unclear | 16,182 | 0.45 (#7) | 0 / 25 | 0 | |
| 2004 | Gonçalo da Câmara Pereira | 15,454 | 0.45 (#7) | 0 / 24 | 0 | |
| 2009 | Frederico Duarte Carvalho | 14,414 | 0.40 (#11) | 0 / 22 | 0 | |
| 2014 | Nuno Correia da Silva | 17,185 | 0.45 (#11) | 0 / 21 | 0 | |
| 2019 | André Ventura | Basta! | 0 / 21 | 0 | ||
| 2024 | Sebastião Bugalho | Democratic Alliance | 0 / 21 | 0 | ||
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 41 | 0.0 (#8) | 0 / 47 | No seats | ||
| 1988 | 162 | 0.2 (#9) | 0 / 47 | 0 | No seats | |
| 1992 | AD – Azores | 0 / 47 | 0 | No seats | ||
| 2000 | Democratic Convergence | 0 / 47 | No seats | |||
| 2004 | 293 | 0.3 (#6) | 0 / 47 | 0 | No seats | |
| 2008 | Paulo Estêvão | 423 | 0.5 (#8) | 1 / 47 | 1 | Opposition |
| 2012 | 86 | 0.1 (#12) | 1 / 47 | 0 | Opposition | |
| 2016 | 866 | 0.9 (#7) | 1 / 47 | 0 | Opposition | |
| 2020 | 2,415 | 2.3 (#6) | 2 / 47 | 1 | Coalition[a] | |
| 2024 | PSD/CDS/PPM | 1 / 47 | 1 | Coalition[a] | ||
| Parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic (230) |
|
|---|---|
| Legislative Assembly of the Azores Autonomous Region (57) |
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| Legislative Assembly of the Madeira Autonomous Region (47) |
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| European Parliament (21) | |
| Non-parliamentary parties | |
| National parties |
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| Presidents | |||||
| Associate organisations | |||||
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