People's Justice Party | |
|---|---|
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| Malay name | Parti Keadilan Rakyat |
| Abbreviation | Keadilan, PKR |
| President | Anwar Ibrahim |
| Secretary-General | Fuziah Salleh |
| Deputy President | Nurul Izzah Anwar |
| Vice-Presidents | Amirudin Shari Ramanan Ramakrishnan Aminuddin Harun Chang Lih Kang |
| AMK's Chief | Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim |
| Women's Chief | Fadhlina Sidek |
| Founder | |
| Founded | 10 December 1998 (Formation ofPergerakan Keadilan Sosial NGO) 4 April 1999 (Takeover ofIkatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia and renamedParti Keadilan Nasional) 3 August 2003 (Merger withParti Rakyat Malaysia and renamedParti Keadilan Rakyat) |
| Merger of |
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| Preceded by |
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| Headquarters | A-1-09, Merchant Square, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, 47410Petaling Jaya,Selangor |
| Newspaper | Suara Keadilan |
| Think tank | Institut Rakyat |
| Student wing | Mahasiswa Keadilan |
| Youth wing | Angkatan Muda Keadilan (AMK) |
| Women's wing | Wanita Keadilan |
| Women's Youth Wing | Srikandi Keadilan |
| Membership | 1,153,212 (2024)[1] |
| Ideology | Reformism[2] Anti-corruption[3] Social democracy[4] Factions: Social liberalism[5][6] Social conservatism[7][8] Islamic democracy[9][10] |
| Political position | Centre[11] Factions: Centre-left[4][12] tocentre-right[7][8][9] |
| National affiliation | Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004) Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015) Pakatan Harapan (since 2015) |
| Colours | Light blue, red, white |
| Slogan | Keadilan Untuk Semua Ketuanan Rakyat Demi Rakyat Reformasi Lawan Tetap Lawan Membujur Lalu Melintang Patah |
| Anthem | Arus Perjuangan Bangsa |
| Dewan Negara | 11 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 31 / 222 |
| Dewan Undangan Negeri | 38 / 611 |
| Chief minister of states | 2 / 13 |
| Election symbol | |
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| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| keadilanrakyat | |
| This article is part ofa series on the |
| Politics of Malaysia |
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Parti Keadilan Rakyat (KEADILAN, PKR; English:People's Justice Party)[13] is areformistpolitical party inMalaysia formed on 3 August 2003 through the merger of its predecessor, the National Justice Party (KeADILan), with the socialistMalaysian People's Party (PRM).[14] The party's predecessor was founded byWan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of theReformasi movement on 4 April 1999 following thearrest of her husband, former Deputy Prime MinisterAnwar Ibrahim.
In its firstgeneral election in1999, the party won five seats in theDewan Rakyat.[15] However, a resurgence by the rulingBarisan Nasional (BN) in2004 reduced PKR to a single parliamentary seat.[16][17] The2008 general election produced a substantial swing to the opposition; PKR increased its representation to 31 seats and helped the opposition form governments in five states.[18][19] The 2008 results precipitated the resignation of Prime MinisterAbdullah Ahmad Badawi and saw the five-year political ban on Anwar Ibrahim lifted on 14 April 2008.[20]
ThePakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, of which PKR is a principal component, defeated Barisan Nasional at the2018 general election, ending BN’s uninterrupted 60-year rule since independence and winning a record 47 seats. However, defections from theAzmin-aligned faction within PKR and the withdrawal ofBERSATU triggered the collapse of the PH government in 2020 after just 22 months, leading to the2020–2022 political crisis.[21] The party returned to government after the2022 general election, which had resulted in Malaysia’s first hung parliament. Aunity government arrangement between Pakatan Harapan, former rivals Barisan Nasional, and severalBorneo-based parties enabled the formation of a federal administration led by Anwar Ibrahim to become the 10thPrime Minister of Malaysia.[22]
The party draws its strongest support from urban and semi-urban constituencies, particularly in the states ofSelangor,Penang,Perak,Negeri Sembilan,Johor and the capital city ofKuala Lumpur. The party’s platform emphasises Reformasi-era priorities such as institutional reform, anti-corruption measures and social justice.[23]
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Theeconomy of Malaysia was affected by the1997 Asian financial crisis.[24] TheDeputy Prime Minister andMinister of Finance at the time,Anwar Ibrahim has instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti-Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of theMalaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).[25] The then Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamad disagreed with these measures and ultimately sacked Anwar from all his posts.[26] This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as theReformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent incarceration of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.[27]
The movement, which began while the countryhosted the Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-Prime Minister,Mahathir Mohamad, and for the end of allegedcorruption andcronyism within theBarisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It would go on to become areformist movement demandingsocial equality andsocial justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted ofcivil disobedience,demonstrations,sit-ins,rioting,occupations andonline activism.[28]
Once Anwar had been detained, theReformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife,Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir. During Anwar's police custody on September 1998, he was assaulted by then Inspector GeneralAbdul Rahim Mohd Noor causing ablack eye; the imagery of the black eye was adopted as a rallying symbol of demanded justice by his followers and eventually the party flag –jocularly known as theBendera Mata Lebam ("Black Eye Flag")– designed by artistSyed Ahmad Syed Jamal.[29]
Building on the momentum ofReformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (Malay:Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial), also known as ADIL, was launched on 10 December 1998 and was led by Wan Azizah.[30][31] However, facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a political party, the Reformasi movement instead merged with theMuslim Community Union of Malaysia (Malay:Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia), a minorIslamic political party based inTerengganu, and relaunched it as the National Justice Party (Malay:Parti Keadilan Nasional), also known as PKN or Keadilan, on 4 April 1999. The registration was just in time for the new party to take part in the1999 general election.[32] The launch of Keadilan put to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would merely remain in ADIL, join PAS, or try to launch an internal coup in UMNO. Although Keadilan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle-of-the-road Malays, particularly from UMNO. The party has been noted as having rough similarities with the now-defunct multi-racial social democraticParti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.[33] The party was joined by theDemocratic Action Party (DAP), theMalaysian People's Party (PRM) and thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in a big tent alliance ofliberals,socialists, andIslamists known asBarisan Alternatif to take on the ruling BN coalition in the 1999 general election.[34]
While parliament's term was set to end in June the next year, an early election was called in November under the pretext of avoiding "undesirable" behaviour during the Islamic holy month ofRamadan in December. International media speculated that Mahathir wanted an early election to be held before some 650,000 new voters became eligible to participate.[35][36]
In the lead-up to the election, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-PresidentTian Chua,Gobalakrishnan Nagapan, Youth leaderEzam Mohd Nor, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun; were arrested between 27 and 30 September and as a result prevented from contesting.[37] Further arrests were made on 10 April 2001 and those arrested were subsequently charged and incarcerated under theInternal Security Act.[38] They became known as theReformasi 10.[39]
With parliament dissolving on 11 November, parties were only left with 9 days' time to campaign between candidate nominations on 20 November and voting day on 29 November. The short campaign period drew criticism from the opposition, and the party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest. It also had to contend with the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating Anwar in the villages, as well as a lack of access to written and audiovisual media; the government denied opposition parties access to state-run public broadcasterRadio Televisyen Malaysia.[40][41] Thus, despite the party winning 11.67% of the total votes cast, it only managed to win five parliamentary seats. Notably, Wan Azizah managed to secure victory inPermatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in twostate assemblies inKelantan andTerangganu.
For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays. Despite losing 14 seats, two of which belonged to federal ministers, the BN coalition still secured a two-thirds majority of 148 seats.
The post election period saw negotiations between Keadilan andParti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) on a possible merger.[42] Despite some opposition in both parties to the move,[43][44] a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002.[45] On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.[46] However, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, dissident members took the opportunity to convene a national congress and revive the party under former youth leaderHassan Abdul Karim.
As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the2004 general election using the symbol of the old National Justice Party.[47] The party fared poorly in the elections and only managed to retain one parliamentary seat, Permatang Pauh, despite winning 9% of the popular vote. The poor showing was later attributed tomalapportionment andgerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.[48][unreliable source?]
On 2 September 2004, the Federal Court overturned Anwar's sodomy conviction. As he had already served the entirety of his sentence for his corruption conviction, he was set free.[49] This unexpected turn of events came timely for PKR which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.
In December 2005 PKR organised its second national congress.[50][unreliable source?] Among the motions passed was theNew Economic Agenda[51] that envisioned a non-racial economic policy to replace the race-basedNew Economic Policy. PKR managed a breakthrough intoSarawak politics in May 2006, a state traditionally known as a BN stronghold. In that year'sSarawak state elections,Dominique Ng, a lawyer and activist, won in the Padungan constituency inKuching, a majority Chinese locale. Keadilan lost narrowly in Saribas, aMalay-Melanau constituency by just 94 votes. PKR has also pursued an aggressive strategy of gaining personalities from within and outside politics. In July 2006,Khalid Ibrahim, a former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad andGuthrie, was appointed as Treasurer of the PKR.
In the2008 elections, PKR contested alongside DAP and PAS in a new coalition calledPakatan Rakyat. The party won 31 seats in parliament, while DAP and PAS won 28 and 23 seats respectively. The 82 seats won by the coalition denied BN a two-thirds majority against a backdrop of rises in inflation, crime, and ethnic tension.[52]
PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states ofKelantan,Kedah,Penang,Perak andSelangor. The offices of theMenteri Besar ofSelangor and the DeputyChief Minister ofPenang were held by PKR members,Khalid Ibrahim andFairus Khairuddin, respectively.
On 14 April 2008, Anwar's five-year ban from contesting in elections, imposed on anyone sentenced to longer than a year in jail, ended.[53] A gathering held by supporters numbering celebrating the end of the ban was dispersed by police.[54] Despite the ban, Anwar was seen as PKR's de facto leader even while imprisoned.[55]
Anwar returned to parliament on 28 August 2008, after a landslide victory in the2008 Permatang Pauh by-election, triggered by Wan Azizah's resignation.[56][57] Quoted as saying "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation",[58][59] Anwar needed at least 30 government lawmakers to defect to form a government.[60][61]
In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency had gone bankrupt. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.[62]
In 2012, Anwar was acquitted of a separate sodomy charge from 2008. He was accused bySaiful Bukhari Azlan, his aide, of sodomising him.[63]
In 2014, the Party's Strategy Director then Vice-President-cum-Secretary-General,Rafizi Ramli initiated the failedKajang Move in a bid to topple the 14thMenteri Besar of Selangor, Khalid Ibrahim, and install Anwar as his replacement. The political manoeuvre resulted in a nine-month political crisis within the state of Selangor and thePakatan Rakyat coalition that also involvedthe palace of Selangor.[64] The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President,Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts regarded the Kajang Move as a failure.[65],
Concurrently, Anwar's acquittal in 2012 was overturned by the Court of Appeal, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. This prevented him from standing as a candidate in the2014 Kajang by-election and potentially becoming Menteri Besar, although he remained a member of parliament pending the outcome of his appeal. In 2015, his conviction was upheld and he was sent to prison.[66][67]
When the party as part of thePakatan Harapan coalition formed the federal government after securing a majority in the2018 general election, Anwar was granted a full pardon by the country's monarch, theYang di-Pertuan Agong. Widely considered to be the prime minister-in-waiting,[68][69] Anwar returned to parliament once again through the2018 Port Dickson by-election, dubbed the "PD Move".
Disputes surrounding the timeline for Anwar to succeed Mahathir,[70] who had become prime minister again after leading Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 election resulted in the2020 Malaysian political crisis. Mahathir's abrupt resignation brought an end to the Pakatan Harapan government, and eleven PKR members of parliament;Azmin Ali,Zuraida Kamaruddin,Saifuddin Abdullah,Kamarudin Jaffar,Mansor Othman,Mohd Rashid Hasnon,Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu,Ali Biju,Willie Mongin,Jonathan Yasin, andBaru Bian left the party;[71] all except Baru Bian eventually chose to align with thePerikatan Nasional (PN) government formed afterwards. They were later joined byJugah Muyang, who was elected as an independent but joined PKR following the election.[72]
The party subsequently suffered from an exodus of members aligned with Azmin nationwide,[73][74][75][76][77] including elected representatives at the state level;Chong Fat Full, whose resignation and defection to allowed the Johor state government to be taken over by PN,[78]Robert Ling Kui Ee ofSidam andAzman Nasrudin ofLunas, whose resignations and defection allowed the Kedah state government to be taken over by PN,[79][80]Daroyah Alwi, then the speaker of the Selangor legislative assembly,[81] andAfif Bahardin in Penang.[82] Meanwhile,Haniza Talha, the PKR Women's Chief, was expelled from the party, as was Penang assemblymanZulkifli Ibrahim,[83] and later Sabah assemblymanKenny Chua Teck Ho.[84]
Defections continued into 2021 when two MPs,Steven Choong ofTebrau andLarry Sng ofJulau becameindependents on 27 and 28 February. They would go on to formParti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare their support for the ruling Perikatan Nasional coalition.[85] The last PKR MP to leave the party was PKR vice-presidentXavier Jayakumar ofKuala Langat, who cited 'frustrations' by the events of the past year and subsequently became a Perikatan-aligned independent MP.[86]
The party returned to power following the2022 general election, where the Pakatan Harapan coalition won a plurality of seats. A coalition government between Pakatan Harapan, Barisan Naisonal,Gabungan Parti Sarawak,Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, and individual parties; colloquially known as the "unity government", was formed with Anwar as prime minister.
A supporter ofliberal democracy,[87] PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles,[88] the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promotingsocial justice,[89] economic justice,[90][91] eliminating political corruption[92] and human rights issues[93] within a non-ethnic framework.[94]
The party has also been described by analysts as havingsocially conservative andIslamist reformist factions influenced by theMalaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM), of which Anwar was once a president,[7] which promotes Islamic values andmaqasid syariah within its political platform.[9]
President
| Order | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail | 4 April 1999 | 17 November 2018 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) 5th (2014) |
| 2 | Anwar Ibrahim | 17 November 2018 | Incumbent | 6th (2018) 7th (2022) 8th (2025) |
Deputy President
| Order | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chandra Muzaffar | 4 April 1999 | 11 November 2001 | – |
| 2 | Abdul Rahman Othman | 11 November 2001 | 27 May 2007 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 3 | Syed Husin Ali | 27 May 2007 | 28 November 2010 | 3rd (2007) |
| 4 | Mohamed Azmin Ali | 28 November 2010 | 24 February 2020 | 4th (2010) 5th (2014) 6th (2018) |
| - | Vacant | 24 February 2020 | 17 July 2022 | - |
| 5 | Rafizi Ramli | 17 July 2022 | 24 May 2025 | 7th (2022) |
| 6 | Nurul Izzah Anwar | 24 May 2025 | Incumbent | 8th (2025) |
Women Chief
| Order | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nell Onn | 4 April 1999 | 4 November 1999 | – |
| - | Vacant | 4 November 1999 | 2000 | - |
| 2 | Fuziah Salleh | 2000 | 27 May 2007 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 3 | Zuraida Kamaruddin | 27 May 2007 | 18 November 2018 | 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) 5th (2014) |
| 4 | Haniza Mohamed Talha | 18 November 2018 | 29 June 2020 | 6th (2018) |
| - | Vacant | 29 June 2020 | 11 July 2020 | - |
| 5 | Fuziah Salleh | 11 July 2020 | 4 July 2022 | – |
| 6 | Fadhlina Sidek | 4 July 2022 | Incumbent | 7th (2022) 8th (2025) |
Youth Chief
| Order | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ezam Mohd Nor | 4 April 1999 | 30 October 2006 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 2 | Shamsul Iskandar Md Akin | 30 October 2006 | 22 August 2014 | 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) |
| 3 | Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad | 22 August 2014 | 16 November 2018 | 5th (2014) |
| 4 | Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir | 16 November 2018 | 17 July 2022 | 6th (2018) |
| 5 | Adam Adli Abd Halim | 17 July 2022 | 23 May 2025 | 7th (2022) |
| 6 | Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim | 24 May 2025 | Incumbent | 8th (2025) |
|
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PKR has 31 members in theHouse of Representatives.
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Negeri Sembilan | Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | PKR | Sikamat | |
 Selangor | Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | PKR | Sungai Tua | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Penang | Deputy Chief Minister I | Mohamad Abdul Hamid | PKR | Batu Maung | |
| Election | Total seats won | Seat Contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 5 / 193 | 78 | 773,679 | 11.67% |  5 seats;Opposition coalition(Barisan Alternatif) | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2004 | 1 / 219 | 80 | 617,518 | 8.9% |  4 seats;Opposition coalition(Barisan Alternatif) | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2008 | 31 / 222 | 84 | 1,509,080 | 18.58% | 30 seats;Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2013 | 30 / 222 | 99 | 2,254,211 | 20.39% | 1 seats;Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) | Anwar Ibrahim |
| 2018 | 47 / 222 | 70 | 2,046,394 | 16.94% | 17 seats;Governing coalition, laterOpposition coalition (Pakatan Harapan) | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2022 | 31 / 222 | 100 | 2,442,038 | 15.74% | 16 seats;Governing coalition (Pakatan Harapan) | Anwar Ibrahim |
| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Sarawak State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | |
| 1999 | 0 / 15 | 0 / 36 | 0 / 43 | 0 / 32 | 1 / 33 | 1 / 52 | 1 / 38 | 1 / 48 | 0 / 32 | 0 / 25 | 0 / 40 | 0 / 48 | 4 / 70 | |
| 2001 | 0 / 62 | 0 / 25 | ||||||||||||
| 2004 | 0 / 15 | 0 / 36 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 32 | 0 / 40 | 0 / 59 | 0 / 42 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 36 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 60 | 0 / 121 | |
| 2006 | 1 / 71 | 1 / 25 | ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 0 / 15 | 4 / 36 | 1 / 45 | 0 / 32 | 9 / 40 | 7 / 59 | 0 / 42 | 15 / 56 | 4 / 36 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 60 | 40 / 176 | |
| 2011 | 3 / 71 | 3 / 49 | ||||||||||||
| 2013 | 1 / 15 | 4 / 36 | 1 / 45 | 1 / 32 | 10 / 40 | 5 / 59 | 2 / 42 | 14 / 56 | 3 / 36 | 0 / 28 | 1 / 56 | 7 / 60 | 49 / 172 | |
| 2016 | 3 / 82 | 5 / 40 | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 3 / 15 | 7 / 36 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 32 | 14 / 40 | 4 / 59 | 2 / 42 | 21 / 56 | 6 / 36 | 3 / 28 | 5 / 56 | 2 / 60 | 70 / 172 | |
| 2020 | 2 / 73 | 2 / 7 | ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 11 | ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 0 / 82 | 0 / 28 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1 / 56 | 1 / 20 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1 / 15 | 5 / 59 | 2 / 42 | 8 / 45 | ||||||||||
| 2023 | 2 / 36 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 32 | 7 / 40 | 12 / 56 | 5 / 36 | 26 / 59 | |||||||
| 2025 | 0 / 73 | 0 / 13 | ||||||||||||
PKR originated from the Reformasi movement, with a focus on challenging collusion, corruption, and nepotism, and advocating institutional reform and judicial independence.
The party's growth and evolution is closely tied to the Reformasi movement, emphasizing anti-corruption and systemic reform.
PKR's policy orientation reflects centre-left social democracy, emphasizing social justice, equitable economic policies, and welfare-oriented governance.
... and the Malaysian People's Party (PRM), a former socialist party. PKR is basically a social-liberal party committed to social justice, equality, equal rights, ...
ABIM-linked and IKRAM-linked actors within PKR share conservative views on numerous religious, moral, and gender issues.
Secular-leaning PKR factions may alienate more conservative Malays, indicating the presence of socially conservative pressures within the party.
Some PKR leaders are influenced by political Islam and ABIM, promoting Islamic values and maqasid syariah within the party while maintaining pluralist policies.
Anwar Ibrahim and ABIM-influenced PKR leaders combine Islam and democracy, reflecting a moderate Islamic reformist current within the party.
... In the 2008 elections, Anwar's multiracialist and centrist PKR united the two, not just in opposition to the BN, but by pulling their political ideologies toward the political center. It is this feat that allows the Pakatan coalition to ...
Comparative studies locate PKR within the centre-left spectrum due to its social-democratic policy priorities and reformist agenda.
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