Penza is located in the central part of thePenza Oblast, on the banks of theSura River (a tributary of theVolga) and its tributaries (the streams Penza, Ardym, Moika, and Penzyatka). Some of the rivers and streams flowing through Penza are partially enclosed inculverts. The city has a hilly terrain.[17]
The city is divided into four administrative districts: Leninsky (the central district), Oktyabrsky, Zheleznodorozhny (the only one partially located on the right bank of the Sura), and Pervomaysky.[17]
The central quarter of the city occupies the territory on which the wooden fortress Penza was once located; therefore, it is sometimes called the Serf. The architectural concept of the old fortress, erected on the eastern slope of the mountain above the river, predetermined the direction of the first streets. The direction and location of the first streets were set by the passage towers of the fortress and the orientation of its walls. This is how the first six streets of the city were formed. Subsequently, the names were fixed to them: Governor's, Lekarskaya, Moscow, Nikolskaya, Sadovaya and Teatralnaya.[citation needed]
An important element of the urban development of the city is that the square of the fortress created a network of streets converging at right angles. Initially, there was no proper harmony in them. Often the difficult terrain of the area forced the direction and width of the road to change. Here and there, spontaneous development took shape. Nevertheless, the urban planning matrix was created and predetermined the development of the city for several centuries. During the reign of EmpressCatherine the Great, the first general plan of Penza was drawn up, it was approved on 6 October 1785. The city was rebuilt anew in accordance with the rectilinear structure of St. Petersburg. The plan of the city, in its central part practically did not change, as it fully complied with the new norms of Russian urban planning. The mutually perpendicular orientation of the streets and the accompanying division of the urban environment into standard quarters was the original and distinctive feature of Penza. Perhaps Penza owes this to its first builders, who are well acquainted with the European urban planning trends of the 17th century - the German Joseph von Sommer (Lieutenant Colonel of the Moscow Service Osip Zumerovsky) and the Polish nobleman Yuri Kotransky. At the end of the next 18th century, in the process of implementing Catherine's master plan for Penza, only some sections of the old streets were straightened, the standard width of the roadway and sidewalks was set. The redevelopment of the city was preceded by the resettlement of the serving suburban population from the center to suburban villages and wastelands. Newly carved quarters of the Upland part of the city, more comfortable for living, were inhabited by the nobility and eminent merchants. Initially, the fortress was not only a defense complex, but also the administrative center of a vast region. On that place the governor, archives, treasury, prison, arsenal and other instruments of the regional statehood were settled. In the fortress there was the main cathedral of the region – Spassky and the main square of the city – Cathedral. In accordance with the General Plan of 1785, the dilapidated fortress, trading rows and philistine buildings adjacent to its walls were dismantled. As a result of clearing, the Posadskaya Nikolskaya church came out of the environment of spontaneous buildings and acquired a harmonious look, becoming a true decoration of the city.[18][better source needed]
For several years, on the territory of the central quarter and adjacent streets, state-owned stone buildings were complexly erected: the bishop's courtyard, the governor's residence, the assembly of the nobility and two buildings of public places (7.1 and 7.4).) By the beginning of the 20th century, private residential There are no buildings left in the Fortress Quarter of the city. In the Fortress Quarter there is also a special administrative street of the city – the Line of Public Places, passing from Sadovaya to Moskovskaya, bypassing the Spassky Cathedral. It has never had and still does not have residential buildings. the eastern earthen rampart of the old Penza fortress The ancient defensive rampart runs along the western side of Kirov Street (this section of Kirov Street was formerly called Teatralnaya Street).[citation needed]
The cathedral was destroyed by the Communists in 1934, and rebuilt between 2010 and 2022.[citation needed]
In 1927, a fragmentary skull of the giant marine reptileMosasaurus hoffmanni was found in the LateMaastrichtian (LateCretaceous) deposits nearMironositskoe cemetery, within Penza. This specimen became the first unequivocal record of this species in Russia. The exact place wherefossil was collected is unknown, but, most likely, Prolomnaya Street is located there now.[19]BelemnitesBelemnitella lanceolata andB. americana were also collected from Maastrichtian layers along the banks of the Sura River in Penza area. Tsaregradskii (1926) reports about theoysterOstrea praesinzowi from the same deposits.[19] In addition, these layers contain a mixed complex of microfaunal characteristics of theTuronian (Bolivinita couvigeriniformis),Santonian (Reussia subrotundata) and Maastrichtian (Bolivina incrassata) ages, indicating that all of these deposits wereeroded and redeposited.[19]
Penza was founded as a Russian frontier fortress-city,[2] and to this day, remnants of the Lomovskaya sentry line built in 1640 have been preserved at the western edge of the city, and remains of earth ramparts dating from the mid-16th century are preserved in the city center. Until 1663, Penza was a wooden stockade with only a small settlement. In May 1663, the architect Yuri Kontransky arrived in Penza on the Tsar's orders to direct the construction of a fortress city,[citation needed] as part of a wider fortress building program to protectRussia from attacks byCrimean Tatars. The initial construction consisted of a woodenKremlin, a village, and quarters for the nobility, small tradesmen, and merchants. TheMuscovite government placed theCossacks here, who constructed a fortress and called it "Cherkassy Ostroh", from which the regional city of Penza has developed, thanks to the arrival of new settlers, particularly Russians. The Cossack roots of the city and its first settlers are now remembered in the names of Cherkasskaya street, along with the "Cherkassy" historical district.[20]
In 1774, the insurgent army led byYemelyan Pugachev occupied Penza after the citizens of the city welcomed the rebelliousCossacks. The first stone houses started to appear after 1801, and by 1809 Penza's population had grown to more than 13,000 people.
Penza has ahumid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfb) with long, cold winters and warm summers. Due to the vast landmass, the summer is much warmer than its53°N latitude would suggest. The same factors also result in very cold winters by upper mid-latitude European standards. A heat wave in the months of June, July, and August 2010, raised temperatures from previous norms often by 15 °C (27 °F) in Penza. Some of the higher fluctuations in temperatures were recorded with seven straight days of temperatures +40 °C (104 °F) and higher compared to the previous year where the higher temperatures for the same period were, on average, 20 °C (36 °F) lower.[27][28]
Climate data for Penza (1991–2020, extremes 1850–present)
^abБольшая Советская Энциклопедия (Great Soviet Encyclopedia). Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров, 3-е изд. Т. 19. Отоми — Пластырь. 1975. 648 стр., илл.; 29 л. илл. и карт. "Город основан в 1663 году как крепость на юго-восточной окраине Русского царства."
^Ukrainians in USSR beyond the borders of Ukrainian SSR: p. 79 (1974) Winnipeg: Marunchak M. / Михайло Марунчак; Українська Вільна Академія Наук. – Вінніпеґ: Накладом УВАН в Канаді, 1974. – 248 c. : іл.
^"Hanging order". Loc.gov. 22 July 2010.Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved18 May 2014.
^Telegram to the Penza Gubernia Executive Committee of the Soviets in J. Brooks and G. Chernyavskiy's, p.77, Lenin and the Making of the Soviet State: A Brief History with Documents (2007). Bedford/St Martin's: Boston and New York: p.77
^Translation of 'hanging order' by Robert Service, p. 365, Lenin a Biography (2000). London: Macmillan
Inzhevatov, Ivan; Nikonov, Vladimir; Tsygankin, Dmitry, eds. (1987) [First published 1969].Toponomicheskii slovarʹ Mordovskoi ASSRТопонимический словарь Мордовской АССР [Toponymic dictionary of the Mordvin ASSR] (in Russian). Mordovskoe knizhnoe izdatelʹstvo.
Законодательное Собрание Пензенской области. Закон №774-ЗПО от 9 марта 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пензенской области», в ред. Закона №2484-ЗПО от 28 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 15 Закона Пензенской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пензенской области"». Вступил в силу через десять дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Пензенские губернские ведомости", №6, стр. 49, 18 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Penza Oblast. Law #774-ZPO of March 9, 2005On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Penza Oblast, as amended by the Law #2484-ZPO of November 28, 2013On Amending Article 15 of the Law of Penza Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Penza Oblast". Effective as of the day ten days after the day of the official publication.).
Законодательное Собрание Пензенской области. Закон №690-ЗПО от 2 ноября 2004 г. «О границах муниципальных образований Пензенской области», в ред. Закона №2681-ЗПО от 4 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Пензенской области "О границах муниципальных образований Пензенской области"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Пензенские губернские ведомости", №17 (без приложения), 16 ноября 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Penza Oblast. Law #690-ZPO of November 2, 2004On the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Penza Oblast, as amended by the Law #2681-ZPO of March 4, 2015On Amending the Law of Penza Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Penza Oblast". Effective as of after 10 days from the official publication.).
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