Penguin Classics is animprint ofPenguin Books under which classic works of literature are published inEnglish,Spanish,Portuguese, andKorean among other languages.[1] Literary critics see books in this series as important members of theWestern canon, though many titles are translated or of non-Western origin; indeed, the series for decades since its creation included only translations, until it eventually incorporated thePenguin English Library imprint in 1986. The first Penguin Classic wasE. V. Rieu's translation ofThe Odyssey, published in 1946, and Rieu went on to become general editor of the series. Rieu sought out literary novelists such asRobert Graves andDorothy Sayers as translators, believing they would avoid "the archaic flavour and the foreign idiom that renders many existing translations repellent to modern taste".[2]
Celebrating their 80th anniversary in 2015, Penguin released 80 Little Black ClassicsPenguin Classics on sale at aWH Smith atLeeds Bradford Airport.
In 1964Betty Radice andRobert Baldick succeeded Rieu as joint editors, with Radice becoming sole editor in 1974 and serving as an editor for 21 years.[3][4] As editor, Radice argued for the place of scholarship in popular editions, and modified the earlier Penguin convention of the plain text, adding line references, bibliographies, maps, explanatory notes and indexes.[5] She broadened the canon of the 'Classics', and encouraged and diversified their readership while upholding academic standards.[5]
Penguin Books paid particular attention to the design of its books, recruiting German typographerJan Tschichold in 1947. The earlyminimalist designs were modernised by Italian art directorGermano Facetti, who joined Penguin in 1961.[2] The new classics were known as "Black Classics" for their black covers, which also featured artwork appropriate to the topic and period of the work. This design was revised in 1985 to have pale yellow covers with a black spine, colour-coded with a small mark to indicate language and period (red for English, purple for ancient Latin and Greek, yellow for medieval and continental European languages, and green for other languages).
In 2002, Penguin redesigned its entire catalogue. The redesign restored the black cover, adding a white stripe and orange lettering. The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in the choice of texttypeface). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production cost reductions. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, which was released in 2015.
The series was renamedPenguin 20th Century Classics in May 1989, but reverted to its old name in February 2000. 20th Century Classics feature full-page front cover art, with a light blue-green/eau de nil rear cover and spine.[8]
Penguin Popular Classics, issued in 1994, are paperback editions of texts under the Classics imprints. They were a response toWordsworth Classics, a series of very cheap reprints which imitated Penguin in using black as its signature color.[10]
Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition, issued from 1997 onward, are paperback editions of texts with matte paper covers, French flaps, deckled page edges and cover art often illustrated by renowned comic artists.[11]
Penguin Designer Classics, issued in 2007, is a set of five limited-edition books, with covers created by fashion designers to commemorate the series' 60th Anniversary
Penguin Mini Modern Classics, issued in 2011, is an assortment of fifty pocket-sized books from fifty different authors such asFranz Kafka,Italo Calvino,E. M. Forster,Virginia Woolf andStefan Zweig. It has been released to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Penguin Modern Classics. It is currently out of print.
Penguin Little Black Classics, issued in 2015 a series of pocket-sized classics introduced to celebrate the 80th anniversary of Penguin Books.
The first 20 books were released in May 2016, and described by publishing directorSimon Winder as "a mix of the famous and the unjustly overlooked".[12][13][14]
Penguin Clothbound Classics, begun in 2008, issues classics in hardbound form wrapped in Brillianta (rayon) cloth, with an emphasis on aesthetics and collectability, designed by Coralie Bickford-Smith.[15] Despite being hardbound however,YouTubers have complained online about durability and fading covers,[citation needed] although since 2021, withThe Little Prince, a more durable cover design has been used.[citation needed] The series has also sparked spinoff ones, those being the clothbound poetry, clothbound philosophy, and the (smaller format) little clothbounds.[16][17][18]
Penguin Crime & Espionage, issued in 2023. An initial series of 10 paperback books
No definitive bibliography of Penguin Classics has yet been published, although several partial bibliographies have been issued. The earliest come from the Penguin Catalogues, published annually covering in-print editions. The 1963 catalogue, for example, lists 97 titles, although by then the series overall had produced 118 volumes. In the 1980s Penguin (UK) began publishing discrete catalogues of its Classics and Twentieth Century Classics series, listing all the titles then available in the UK (with prices in sterling).
The Penguin Collectors' Society have published two bibliographies of the early, pre-ISBN (referred to as 'L') editions: firstly in 1994, with an update in 2008.
Also in 2008, Penguin Books USA published a complete annotated listing of all Penguin Classics titles in a singlepaperback volume in the style of its Penguin Classics books. The list organises the collection multiple times: alphabetically by author, subject categories, authors by region, and a complete alphabetic title index. This compiled listing indicates there are over 1,300 titles, and more to be published. The final print version of this listing was issued in 2012, however a copy of the 2016 listing remains available on the Penguin website.[19]
In 2018 Penguin publishedThe Penguin Classics Book, a celebratory survey of the volumes currently in print, listing works by author location and chronologically from antiquity toWorld War I. It includes an appendix with a selection of out-of-print titles.
In 2005, an incomplete collection of books in the series was sold onAmazon.com as "The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection".[20] In 2005, the collection consisted of 1,082 different books (in multiple editions) and cost US$7,989.50. The collection weighed about 750 pounds (340 kg) and took about 77 linear feet (23.5 m) of shelf space; laid end-to-end the books would reach about 630 feet (192 m).
A feature of theWorld's Biggest Bookstore inToronto,Ontario, from its inception in the 1970s, and for years thereafter, was that it stocked all of the Penguin Classics titles. The upper section of the second floor of the store was dedicated to Penguin exclusively.
In 2007, Penguin Classics released a set of five books limited to 1,000 copies each, known as theDesigner Classics.[21][22] Each book was specially designed to celebrate Penguin Classics' Diamond Anniversary:
The cover forCrime and Punishment was created by graphic designers Stephen Sorrell and Damon Murray of Fuel,[23] who used Cyrillic and English type. Stephen explains: "This visual device echoes the mind games in the head of Raskolnikov as he battles with his voice of conscience. We want the design to form the shape and feel of the book as a whole not just its cover." They have screen printed the cover on the same brown craft paper used for the text. The book has a Perspex slipcase.
The Idiot was designed by industrial designerRon Arad and has no cover, so the reader will pick it up and read the author's first words. It is stripped back to show the glue and thread in the spine, which is visible through an acrylic slipcase (with a lid) with aFresnel lens, so the text appears to move as the lid is removed. Arad explains: "By not wanting to have a cover, it ended with the book becoming an amazing object that is alive, but which maintains its transparency. It became a glorious box with a book inside—almost like a monument."
The cover forMadame Bovary was designed by fashion designerManolo Blahnik. The jacket features Blahnik's original painting of Emma with her lover, and the book is protected by a Perspex slipcase. He said: "I wanted to come up with something light, sensual... something frivolous, because this is a novel about the dangers of frivolity. And I wanted something sexy too, cheeky. I usually focus on one part of the foot—the shoe. For this project, I had to consider a whole scene, there had to be a context, which is new for me. But I managed to sneak in a pair of shoes anyway. She wore good shoes."
The cover forTender Is the Night was designed by English filmmaker, photographer, and visual artistSam Taylor-Wood, who used an ethereal black-and-white photograph printed onto tracing paper. An elegant, barefoot young man stands with his hands in his pocket, perfectly summing up the elegance and fragility of Nicole and Dick Diver's world. The book is wrapped in a cloth hardcover and has a Perspex slipcase.
In 2013, Penguin Classics publishedMorrissey'sAutobiography. Concerns arose about the imprint's publishing a book too recently published to be an acknowledged classic, that such a book diluted the brand. Penguin argued that the autobiography was "a classic in the making".[24]The Independent'sBoyd Tonkin wrote: "The droning narcissism of the [book] may harm [Morrissey's] name a little. It ruins that of his publisher... Morrissey will survive his unearned elevation. I doubt that the reputation of Penguin Classics will."[25]
Penguin Classics sold well during the2019-2021 coronavirus pandemic when citizens in many countries, forced into lockdown as a preventive measure, found solace in books.[26]
Everyman's Library, paperback (Orion in the UK and Tuttle in the USA) and hardback (Alfred A. Knopf in the US and Random House in the UK) and reprints of classic literature
Library of America, a non-profit publisher of classic American literature issued in hardback
Oxford World's Classics, competitor to Penguin Classics focusing on reprints of classic and dramatic literature, aimed at students and the general public, in contrast to Penguin's general readership
Penguin English Library, the imprint under which English classics were published from 1963 until the series was merged with Classics in 1987
Signet Classics, budget paperback reprints of classics and scholarly works
^abCowley, Des; Williamson, Clare (2007).The World of the Book. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. p. 81.
^Radice, William; Reynolds, Barbara (1987). The Translator's Art. Essays in honour of Betty Radice. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. p. 29.ISBN0-14-009226-9.
^Fowler, R (2016) 'Betty Radice and the survival of classics' in Wyles, R. and E. Hall (eds) Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly, Oxford. p.347-349
^abFowler, R (2016) 'Betty Radice and the survival of classics' in Wyles, R. and E. Hall (eds) Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly, Oxford. p.347-349,358
^Bumpus, Jessica (29 October 2008)."Designer Novels". Vogue. Retrieved5 June 2014.
^abjoint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft,Axel Springer AG, Burda, Studio Gong, m.b.t. Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft.
^joint venture with Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack, Studio Gong Niedersachsen and Brune-Rieck-Beteiligungs.
^joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag.
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