| Transliteration of Chinese |
|---|
| Mandarin |
| Wu |
| Yue |
| Min |
| Gan |
| Hakka |
| Xiang |
| Polylectal |
| See also |
Peng'im[1] (simplified Chinese:潮州话拼音方案;traditional Chinese:潮州話拼音方案:Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew)Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow),Pe̍h-ūe-jī:Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ orTiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ,Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ orTiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is aTeochew language romanization system as a part ofGuangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on theSwatow dialect. The system uses theLatin alphabet to transcribe pronunciation and numbers to notetones.
Before that, another system calledPe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity withHokkien, anotherSouthern Min variety,Pe̍h-ōe-jī andTai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The namePeng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.
This system uses theLatin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e withcircumflex.
There are 18initials.Syllables not starting with consonants are calledzero initials.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiced (no frictions) | nasal | m[m] 毛 | n[n] 年 | ng[ŋ] 雅 | |
| plosive orlateral | bh[b] 米 | l[l] 來/內 | gh[g] 鵝/牙 | ||
| Voicelessstops | aspirated | p[pʰ] 皮 | t[tʰ] 臺 | k[kʰ] 可 | |
| plain | b[p] 比 | d[t] 都 | g[k] 歌 | [ʔ] | |
| Voicelessaffricates | aspirated | c[tsʰ] 菜 | |||
| plain | z[ts] 書 | ||||
| Fricatives | s[s] 士/速 | h[h] 海/系 | |||
| r[(d)z] 爾 | |||||
b and g can also be used as ending consonants.
There are 59 finals :
| Finals of Teochew dialect | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Classes | Open vowel | Mid vowel | Close vowel |
| Open Syllable | i[i] 衣 | u[u] 汙 | |
| a[a] 亞 | ia[ia] 呀 | ua[ua] 娃 | |
| o[o] 窩 | io[io] 腰 | ||
| ê[e] 啞 | uê[ue] 鍋 | ||
| e[ɯ] 余 | |||
| ai[ai] 哀 | uai[uai] 歪 | ||
| oi[oi] 鞋 | ui[ui] 威 | ||
| ao[au] 歐 | |||
| ou[ou] 烏 | iou[iou] 夭 | ||
| iu[iu] 憂 | |||
| Nasal vowel | in[ĩ] 丸 | ||
| an[ã] 噯 | ian[ĩã] 營 | uan[ũã] 鞍 | |
| ion[ĩõ] 羊 | |||
| ên[ẽ] 楹 | |||
| en[ɯ̃] 秧 | |||
| ain[ãĩ] 愛 | |||
| oin[õĩ] 閑 | |||
| Nasal Coda | im[im] 音 | ||
| am[am][庵][2] | iam[iam] 淹 | uam[uam] 凡 | |
| ing[iŋ] 因 | ung[uŋ] 溫 | ||
| ang[aŋ] 按 | iang[iaŋ] 央 | uang[uaŋ] 汪 | |
| ong[oŋ] 翁 | iong[ioŋ] 雍 | ||
| êng[eŋ] 英 | |||
| Checked tone | ih[iʔ] 裂 | ||
| ah[aʔ] 鴨 | iah[iaʔ] 益 | uah[uaʔ] 活 | |
| oh[oʔ] 學 | ioh[ioʔ] 約 | ||
| êh[eʔ] 厄 | |||
| oih[oiʔ] 狹 | |||
| ib[ip̚] 邑 | |||
| ab[ap̚] 盒 | iab[iap̚] 壓 | uab[uap̚] 法 | |
| ig[ik̚] 乙 | ug[uk̚] 熨 | ||
| ag[ak̚] [惡][2] | iag[iak̚] 躍 | uag[uak̚] 蕕[獲][2] | |
| og[ok̚] 屋 | iog[iok̚] 育 | ||
| êg[ek̚] 液 | |||
| 8 tones of Teochew dialect[3] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | 陰平(dark flat) | 陰上(dark rising) | 陰去(dark departing) | 陰入(dark entering) | 陽平(light flat) | 陽上(light rising) | 陽去(light departing) | 陽入(light entering) |
| Tone value | 33 | 52 | 213 | 2 | 55 | 35 | 11 | 4 |
| Examples | 詩、分 | 死、粉 | 世、訓 | 薛、忽 | 時、雲 | 是、混 | 示、份 | 蝕、佛 |
| Symbols | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Notations[4] | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | áh |
Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have toploudness.[5][6] For example:
This is a list of differences in rime in dialects of Teochew by regions. Tone inRaoping is almost same as inSwatow.[7] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
| Swatow | Raoping | Chaozhou | Chenghai | Puning[8] | Jieyang | Chaoyang | Haifeng | Examples |
| e | e | u | i | 餘,許,豬,祠 | ||||
| oi | ôi | ei | 鞋 | |||||
| uin | ui | ui | uain | 跪,櫃 | ||||
| oin | oin/êng | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒,殿 | ||
| oih | eih | 狹 | ||||||
| iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | 搖,要 | |||
| io | ie | ie | io | 腰 | ||||
| ion | ien | ien | ion | 羊 | ||||
| ioh | ieh | ieh | ioh | 借,惜,藥,石 | ||||
| am[am] | ang[aŋ] | am[am] | 庵 | |||||
| ab[ap] | ag[ak] | ap | 盒 | |||||
| iam[iam] | iem[iem] | iang[iaŋ] | iam[iam] | 嚴 | ||||
| iab[iap] | ieb[iep] | iag [iak] | iap | 壓 | ||||
| im[im] | ing [iŋ] | im | 音 | |||||
| ib[ip] | ig [ik] | ip | 溼 | |||||
| ang[aŋ] | ang | 安 | ||||||
| ag [ak] | âk | 達 | ||||||
| iang[iaŋ] | iêng[ieŋ] | iang | 仙 | |||||
| iag [iak] | iêg[iek] | iâk | 傑,設 | |||||
| uang[uaŋ] | uêng[ueŋ] | uâng | 全,完,緣,彎 | |||||
| uag [uak] | uêg [uek] | uâk | 粵 | |||||
| eng [ɯŋ] | eng/ing | êng/ung | êng[eŋ] | ing[iŋ] | ng/eng | 斤 | ||
| eg [ɯk] | êg [ek] | êg [ek] | ig[ik] | 乞 | ||||
| ing[iŋ] | ing | êng[eŋ] | in[in] | 因 | ||||
| ung[uŋ] | ung | un[un] | 溫 |
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