Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes | |
 | |
| Abbreviation | Pegida |
|---|---|
| Formation | 11 October 2014[4] |
| Legal status | Eingetragener Verein[5] (registered voluntary association) |
| Purpose | |
| Location |
|
Official language | German |
Chair | Lutz Bachmann |
Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West[1][7][3] (German:Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes), abbreviatedPegida (German:[peˈɡiːda]; stylised in its logo asPEGIDA), is a German,anti-Islam,far-right extremist political movement.[8][9] Pegida believes that Germany is being increasingly Islamicised.[10]
Pegida wants to curb immigration into Germany and it accuses the authorities of failure to enforce related laws.[11] Starting in October 2014 inDresden with hundreds of participants, the peaks in 2015 and 2016 attracted over 20,000 supporters, often accompanied by counter-demonstrations.[12][13] In 2015,Lutz Bachmann, the founder of Pegida, resigned from the movement after a doctored photograph appeared where he appeared to be posing asAdolf Hitler and making racist statements on Facebook.[14] He was later reinstated.[15]
Though nationalism is a central feature, Pegida offshoots have formed in various countries. It is a grassroots part of thecounter-jihad movement.[16]
Pegida was founded in October 2014 byLutz Bachmann, who runs apublic relations agency inDresden.[20]Bachmann's impetus for starting Pegida was witnessing a rally by alleged supporters of theKurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) against the siege ofKobani by theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on 10 October 2014 in Dresden,[21] which he posted on YouTube on the same day.[22] The next day he founded aFacebook group calledPatriotische Europäer Gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes ('Patriotic Europeans against Islamisation of theOccident').[10][23]
On 7 October,Yazidis and MuslimChechens had violently clashed inCelle.[24] On 26 October, out of 5,000 protesters, "at least 400 right-wing extremists went on a rampage in downtownCologne during a demonstration" by "Hooligans Against Salafists".[10]Bachmann mentioned these events in a release for his first demonstration.[25]
The first demonstration, or "evening stroll" (according to Pegida),[8] took place on 20 October 2014, and attracted only a handful of people.[10][26] During the following days, the movement began gaining wider public attention, and, subsequently, the weekly Monday demonstrations drew larger numbers of people. Among the 7,500 participants on 1 December 2014, the police identified 80 to 120hooligans. The demonstration grew to 10,000 people on 8 December 2014.[26][27]
During the weekly demonstrations on Monday evenings, Pegida supporters carried banners with slogans such as "For the preservation of our culture", "Against religious fanaticism, against any kind of radicalism, together without violence" and "Against religious wars on German soil".[28]
On 19 December 2014, PEGIDA e.V. was legally registered in Dresden under the registration IDVR 7750,[29] withBachmann as chairman,Rene Jahn as vice-chairman andKathrin Oertel as treasurer. Pegida also formally applied for the status of anonprofit organization.[30]
While the demonstration on 29 December 2014 was cancelled by the organizers, the movement continued to draw large numbers of participants in early January 2015. After theCharlie Hebdo shooting on 7 January 2015 in Paris, politicians (including ministersThomas de Maizière andHeiko Maas) warned Pegida against misusing the attack onCharlie Hebdo for its own political agenda. On Saturday 10 January 2015 some 35,000[31] anti-Pegida protesters gathered to mourn the victims of Paris, observing aminute's silence in front of theFrauenkirche.
On 12 January 2015, Pegida organizers organised a rally of some 25,000 participants. Pegida's main organizer,Bachmann, declared the six central political objectives of Pegida, which include calls for selective immigration and the expulsion of religious extremists, the right and duty to integrate, and tighter internal security.[32]
On 15 January 2015, a youngEritrean immigrant,Khaled Idris Bahray, was found stabbed to death in his Dresden high-rise apartment. International media correspondents portrayed an "atmosphere of hatred and resentment" and published social media comments of Pegida sympathizers, who had expressed disdain for the dead Eritrean. Pegida's organizers rejected any possible connection.[33] One week later, the police investigation led to the arrest and eventual conviction of one of the victim's Eritrean housemates.[34][35]
Dresden police did not permit the demonstration planned for 19 January 2015, due to a definite threat against one of Pegida's leadership members in form of an Arabic-languagetweet labelling Pegida an "enemy of Islam".[36] Pegida cancelled its 13th demonstration and stated in a post on its Facebook page that there was an explicit threat against a leadership member, and "his execution had been ordered by ISIS terrorists".[37]
On 21 January 2015, Bachmann resigned from his position in Pegida after coming under fire for a number of Facebook posts.[38] Excerpts from a closed Facebook conversation incriminated Bachmann as having referred to immigrants with the insults "animals", "scumbags"[39] and "trash",[40] which are classified ashate speech in Germany. He was also quoted as commenting that extra security was needed at the welfare office "to protect employees from the animals".[41] A self-portrait of Bachmann allegedly posing as a reincarnation ofAdolf Hitler, titled "He's back!" (which theSächsische Zeitung later discovered to be a forgery, reporting that the moustache was added after the photo was taken),[15] went viral on social media[40] and was printed on front pages worldwide. On another occasion, Bachmann had posted a photo of a man wearing the uniform of the US white supremacist organisationKu Klux Klan accompanied by the slogan: "Three Ks a day keeps the minorities away".[38] The Dresden state prosecutors opened an investigation for suspectedVolksverhetzung (incitement to hatred), andDeputy ChancellorSigmar Gabriel said the real face of Pegida had been exposed: "Anyone who puts on a Hitler disguise is either an idiot or a Nazi. People should think carefully about running after apied piper like this".[41]
Der Spiegel reported that Pegida's media spokeswoman,Kathrin Oertel, turned to theAlternative for Germany (German:Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) for advice, and that theSächsische Zeitung andFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung both confirmed there was a phone conversation between the AfD'sFrauke Petry andOertel.Petry said toOertel thatBachmann should no longer be supported ("Ich habe ihr gesagt, dass Bachmann nicht mehr zu halten ist"). On that same dayOertel announcedBachmann's resignation.[42]
On 28 January,Oertel resigned as well, citing "the massive hostility, threats and career disadvantages" as the reason.[43] At the same time, four other leading figures of Pegida stepped back.[44] On 2 February 2015,Oertel and six other former Pegida members foundedDirekte Demokratie für Europa ('Direct Democracy for Europe') to distance themselves from the far-right tendencies of Pegida.[45]
In February 2015, Pegida confirmed on its Facebook page thatLutz Bachmann had been re-elected as chairman by the six other members of the organisation's leadership committee, after theSächsische Zeitung published a report that the Hitler moustache on the now infamous photo had been added after the photo was taken.[15]
In June 2015, following the resignation ofCDUincumbentHelma Orosz on health grounds,Tatjana Festerling, who was dismissed from Pegida's leadership circle in June 2016,[46] ran for the mayoral office of Dresden, polling 9.6% in the first round with support from the far-rightNational Democratic Party of Germany (NPD).[47] On 7 July 2015,Bachmann announced that Pegida would participate in all future federal elections in Germany.[48]
TheEuropean migrant crisis revived the movement, which drew as many as 20,000 supporters to a 19 October 2015 rally in Dresden.[49][50] At the same time, observers perceived a furtherradicalisation of the crowd.[51]
On 28 September, two journalists were injured when Pegida participants kicked a local newspaper reporter and punched another TV reporter in the face.[52] On 12 October, Pegida demonstrators carried a mockgallows showing nooses reserved for ChancellorAngela Merkel and her deputySigmar Gabriel.[53]Bachmann derided the demonstrators who made it, calling it a "laughable piece of work with spelling errors" ("lächerliche Bastelarbeit mit Schreibfehlern"), a reference to the fact that the name Sigmar had been written with an "ie" (Siegmar).[54]
At Pegida's anniversary event on 19 October 2015, keynote speakerAkif Pirinçci named the Muslim refugees as invaders, with Germany becoming a "Muslim garbage dump".[55]Pirinçci said that politicians were acting like "Gauleiter against their own people",[56] as they wanted critics of Germany's refugee policy to leave the country. Addressing the crowd shouting "Resistance!", he claimed that the majority of Germans were held in contempt by the political class and that politicians wished that there were "other alternatives [to fight Pegida supporters[57]] – but theconcentration camps are unfortunately out of order at the moment".[58] The crowd applauded and laughed, and let him continue his speech for another 20 minutes before calling upon him to finish.[59]
When 1,500 to 2,000 people celebrated Pegida inLeipzig's first anniversary, dozens of hooligans protested, vandalizing foreign-owned shops. Over 100 people were arrested. MayorBurkhard Jung called it "open street terror".[60]
The founder of Pegida,Lutz Bachmann, has set up a new political party, theFreiheitlich Direktdemokratische Volkspartei ("Liberal Direct Democratic People's Party", orFDDV). The FDDV was established on 13 June 2016.[61]Tommy Robinson founded a branch ofPegida in the United Kingdom.[62]
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At the beginning of December 2014, Pegida published an undated and anonymous one-page manifesto of 19 bulleted position statements.[63]
Pegida's specific demands were initially unclear, largely because Pegida has refused a dialogue, considering the press to be a politically correct conspiracy.[64] Demonstrators have been observed chantingLügenpresse (lying press), a term that has a long history in German politics.[65]
Alongside the German national flag, supporters of the movement have often been seen with a variant of the "Wirmer flag", a flag proposed by resistance memberJosef Wirmer in 1944 for use after World War II.[66][67][note 1]
According to aDeutsche Welle report from December 2014, Pegida considersIslamism amisogynist and violent ideology.[71][72] In January 2015The Guardian described Pegida as afar-right movement,[8]The New York Times labelled Pegida asanti-immigrant, and Angela Merkel has repeatedly questioned the motives underlying its anti-immigrant message.[8][73]
TheState Authority for the Protection of the Constitution (German:Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz) ofThuringia considersSügida (the regional Pegida branch of South Thuringia) to be steered by right-wing nationalists.[74]
In February 2015 the 19 positions were revised and broken down to the ten "Theses of Dresden".[75][76][77]
On 10 September 2015, Pegida demanded ten changes to the German refugee policy. They called for an immediate stop for asylum seekers and for a German 'asylum-emergency law'.[citation needed]
| Date | participants per day |
|---|---|
| 20 October 2014 | 350 |
| 27 October 2014 | 500([78]) |
| 3 November 2014 | 1,000([79]) |
| 10 November 2014 | 1,700([80]) |
| 17 November 2014 | 3,200([81]) |
| 24 November 2014 | 5,500([82]) |
| 1 December 2014 | 7,500([83]) |
| 8 December 2014 | 10,000([84]) |
| 15 December 2014 | 15,000([85]) |
| 22 December 2014 | |
| 5 January 2015 | 18,000([88]) |
| 12 January 2015 | |
| 25 January 2015 | 17,300([91]) |
| 9 February 2015 | 2,000([92]) |
| 16 February 2015 | 4,300([93]) |
| 23 February 2015 | 4,800([94]) |
| 2 March 2015 | 6,200([95]) |
| 9 March 2015 | 6,500([96]) |
| 16 March 2015 | 7,700([97]) |
| 23 March 2014 | 5,500([98]) |
| 30 March 2015 | 2,900([99]) |
| 6 April 2015 | 7,100([100]) |
| 13 April 2015 | 10,000([101]) |
| 11 May 2015 | 3,000([102]) |
| 18 May 2015 | 3,000 |
| 25 May 2015 | 2,200([103]) |
| 1 June 2015 | 2,000([104]) |
According to Frank Richter, director of Saxony'sFederal Agency for Civic Education, Pegida is "a mixed group—known figures from theNational Democratic Party of Germany, soccer hooligans, but also a sizable number of ordinary citizens".[26]Werner Schiffauer, director of the Migration Council, has pointed out that the movement is strongest where people have hardly any experience with foreigners, and among "easterners who never really arrived in the Federal Republic and who now feel they have no voice".[64]
In December,Gordian Meyer-Plath, president of Saxony'sState Authority for the Protection of the Constitution, said that initial suspicion that Pegida might tie in with the riots staged byHogesa earlier inCologne were not substantiated, so the movement was not put under official surveillance. He said there were no indications that the organizers were embracing right-wingers. This assessment was contested by the weeklyDie Zeit who researched the ideological proximity of Pegida organizerSiegfried Däbritz to theGerman Defence League or the EuropeanIdentitarian movement.[105] In aTagesspiegel interview on 19 January, Meyer-Plath reaffirmed that the participant spectrum was very diverse and that there was no evidence of radicalisation.[106]
Dresden University of Technology (TU) interviewed 400 Pegida demonstrators on 22 December 2014 and 12 January 2015. According to the poll, the main reasons of their participation were dissatisfaction with the political situation (54 percent), "Islam, Islamism and Islamisation" (23 percent), criticism of the media and the public (20 percent), and reservations regarding asylum seekers and migrants (15 percent). In all, 42 percent had reservations regarding Muslims or Islam, 20 percent were concerned about a 'high rate of crimes' committed by asylum seekers, or feared socio-economic disadvantages.[107] The author,Vorländer, did not see Pegida as a movement of right-wing extremists, pensioners or the unemployed, but stated that the rallies served as a way to express feelings and resentments against a political and opinion-making elite which have not been publicly articulated before.[108]
A group of social scientists led by Dieter Rucht from the Social Science Research Centre of Berlin (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, WZB) collected data both by flyer and online survey. Despite a participation rate of only 18 percent in the online survey, it largely had similar results to the survey in Dresden. According to data from the WZB, Pegida was a male-dominated group, participants were mostly employees with a relatively high level of education, they had no confidence in institutions and they sympathised withAfD. In some cases the participants demonstrated far-right and right-wing extremist attitudes. The conclusion emphasised that Pegida supporters cannot be viewed as 'ordinary citizens', since they articulate group-focused enmity and racism.[109][110][111]
As of January 2016[update] on Facebook, the Pegida fan page had about 200,000 supporters.[112] According to political consultantMartin Fuchs, the fanpage allows the users there to present and more easily spread their ideas, which are not represented in the mainstream media.[113]
In December 2014, representatives of the NPD encouraged people to participate in Pegida rallies,[114] as did the German Defence League and the internet blogPolitically Incorrect in an uploaded 'propaganda clip'.[115] According to the police, a few hundred "violent hooligans" have been participating in the Dresden rallies since December 2014.[116] The journalistFelix Menzel supports Pegida with his new right youth magazineBlaue Narzisse.[117]
Numerous protests against Pegida and affiliated movements in cities across Germany have drawn up to 35,000 demonstrators in Dresden[118][119] and up to 100,000 nationwide in January 2015, considerably more than Pegida's own concurrent demonstrations.[120]
In protest against a Pegida march, the floodlights of the CatholicCologne Cathedral were switched off on the evening of 5 January 2015.[121] Dresden'sVolkswagen plant used the same method of protest.[122]
German tabloid newspaperBild launched a petition against Pegida, including former ChancellorsHelmut Schmidt andGerhard Schröder, as well as actressKaroline Herfurth and former footballerOliver Bierhoff.[122]
According to asurvey by the Emnid institute conducted in December 2014, 53% of East Germans and 48% of West Germans showed understanding for Pegida demonstrations. Differentiated by political parties, supporters consisted of 86% of all surveyedAfD members, 54% of allCDU members, 46% of allSPD members and 19% of all questioned supporters ofThe Left andAlliance '90/The Greens respectively.[123] 43% of all Germans participating in the survey thought that Pegida protesters are mainly concerned about the "spread of Islam". 33% believed that mainlyright wing extremists attend their demonstrations.[124]
On behalf of German newspaperDie Zeit,YouGov conducted a survey from 12 to 15 December 2014. The survey showed that 30% of all 1107 surveyed felt sympathetic with regards to the demonstrations. Another 19% said they were understanding rather than the opposite. 26% approved at least partially of the demonstrations, while 10% showed little sympathy and a further 13% no understanding at all.[125]
A survey byTNS Infratest conducted in December 2014 on behalf of German magazineDer Spiegel showed that 65% of all surveyed German citizens felt that the government did not respond appropriately to their concerns about asylumpolicy and immigration. 28% disagreed, while 34% observed an increasing Islamisation in Germany.[126]
A representative survey by Emnid conducted from 17 to 18 December 2014 showed that 85% of all 1006 surveyed were not willing to participate in demonstrations for Pegida policy. Only 9%, more than half of all surveyed AfD followers, said they were in fact willing to demonstrate.[127]
On 18 December 2014, theForsa Institute conducted a survey which showed that 67% of all surveyed Germans considered the danger of Islamisation exaggerated. 29%, consisting of 71% of all surveyed AfD supporters, felt too strong an Islamic influence in Germany and deemed respective demonstrations justified. 13% said they would participate in protests near their residence. 10%, consisting of 57% of all surveyed AfD followers, would even vote for ananti-Islamic party.[128]
A special report by theBertelsmann Foundation, complemented by a TNS Emnid survey from November 2014, showed that a majority of German citizens considered Islam dangerous. Consequently, there seemed to be a "strong sympathy" for "Pegida slogans". In absolute numbers, 57% of all surveyed thought of Islam as a danger. 40% felt like "foreigners in their own country", while 24% stated that they would like to prevent further Muslim immigration. These opinions were not exclusive to any political camps orsocial classes.[129]
Former chancellorAngela Merkel criticised Pegida, saying that the leaders of Pegida "have prejudice, coldness, even hatred in their hearts".[130] TheFederal Minister of the InteriorThomas de Maizière said that among the participants of the mass rallies were many ordinary people who expressed their concerns about the challenges of today's society.[131]Bernd Lucke, the leader of the political partyAlliance for Progress and Renewal, has said he considers most of the positions of Pegida to be legitimate.[132] According toLucke, the people taking part in these demonstrations did not feel that their concerns were being understood by politicians.[133] Similarly, the Dresden city council's AfD faction welcomed Pegida's weekly demonstrations.[134]
Josef Schuster, chairman of theCentral Council of Jews in Germany, voiced his opposition to the group, saying that the possibility of an Islamic conquest of Germany would be as "absurd" as aresurrection of the Nazi regime.Schuster described Pegida as being "highly dangerous": "It starts with verbal assault and leads to actual attacks like the one on a planned refugee hostel in Bavaria". He referred to anarson attack on a home forasylum-seekers that was ready for occupation. After the attack, swastika graffiti was found at the scene. Schuster said that Pegida is a combination of "neo-Nazis, far-right parties and citizens who think they are finally allowed to show their racism and xenophobia openly". He condemned the movement, stating that the fear of Islamist terror was being exploited to disparage an entire religion.[135]
Aiman Mazyek from theCentral Council of Muslims in Germany stated that again and again right-wing extremists gave the public the false impression of a racist Germany. The slogans of the protesters showed that xenophobia and anti-Semitic racism had become socially acceptable.[contradictory][citation needed]
Pegida has been criticised by Lutheran clergy, including theBishop of HamburgKirsten Fehrs.[136]
Bachmann's credibility as a leader has been criticised because he has numerous criminal convictions, including "16 burglaries, drink-driving or driving without a licence and even dealing incocaine".[26] In 1998 he fled toSouth Africa to avoid German justice, but was finally extradited and served his two-year jail sentence.[8][137]
In November 2014,Saxony's Interior Minister,Markus Ulbig (CDU), claimed that foreign criminals stayed in Germany too long. He announced the creation of a special police unit to deal with criminal immigrants inDresden and the rest of Saxony. Investigators and specialists in criminal and immigrant law would collaborate to process foreign criminals in the criminal justice system, and prevent those not eligible for asylum from obtaining the right to stay in Germany.[138]Ulbig admitted that there had been a number of criminal acts committed by immigrants near the homes for asylum-seekers, but these were a minority and should not be allowed to undermine solidarity with the great majority of law-abiding refugees. He said police worked on criminal immigrant cases too slowly.[139]
On the night of 5 January 2015, the lights illuminating theBrandenburg Gate were completely turned off in protest against the Berlin offshoot namedBärgida[140][141] and also the lights of the Catholic cathedralKölner Dom in Cologne in repudiation againstKögida.[142] The exterior lighting of theSemperoper in Dresden was also kept dark during the weekly Pegida marches. Both rallies in Berlin and Cologne were successfully blocked and disbanded by counter-demonstrations.[143]
On 26 January 2015 the USOverseas Security Advisory Council published an online security message entitled "Demonstration Notice Riots/Civil Unrest", stating U.S. citizens in Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich may "encounter Pegida and counter-Pegida demonstrations" on 26 January and 16 February 2015 inDüsseldorf, and "should avoid areas of demonstrations".[144]
Political scientistWerner J. Patzelt[145] from Dresden believes that politicians are "clueless" when it comes to dealing with Pegida. He says that this points to a serious problem insociety, which neither theleft wing nor parties of thepolitical middle ground concern themselves with. This allows new social initiatives critical of Islam and immigrants to form.[146] According to him, the demonstrators are normal people approachable by theCDU, if only the party stopped followingostrich policy concerning immigration.[147]
Far-right politics expertHans-Gerd Jaschke thinks that the demands in Pegida's position paper stem from themiddle classcentre-right and could as well be the content ofCDU/CSU's position papers.[148] Social psychologistAndreas Zick from the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG) assesses the party as a "middle-class right-wing populist movement".[148]
According to right-wing extremism researcherJohannes Kies, Pegida states what many people think.[149]Kies says that these opinions are widespread in society and that great anti-democratic potential is erupting there.[150] According to political scientistAlexander Häusler Germany is facing "a right-wing oriented group of enraged citizens" that "mingles with members of the right-wing scene and even hooligans".[151] Political scientist Hajo Funke sees a connection between Pegida and the great increase in attacks on asylum seekers in 2014. He says that because politics did not react to the population's fear of ever-increasing numbers of asylum seekers, these groups could use these fears and fan them further.[152]
In his article for the German newspaperZeit Online, political scientist and historianMichael Lühmann called it "cynical to want to place Pegida in thetradition of 1989". The demonstrators in Dresden do not align themselves with the philosophy of the extreme right-wing, he says, but they fit the bill for "extremism of the centre ground", which is widespread in Saxony and for whose "group-based misanthropy ... at times the CDU, but prevalently theNPD and as of now theAfD stand" in parliament.[153]
In a similar fashion, historianGötz Aly traces the fact that Pegida were able to form in Dresden back to the city's history. In one of his columns in theBerliner Zeitung he referred to theJewish emancipation of 19th century Saxony, where the comparatively few residentJews were faced with unequally difficult legal obstacles.Aly concluded that in Dresden "freedom, self-aggrandising local presumption andfear of foreigners" have long belonged together.[154]
Political philosopherJürgen Manemann considers Pegida an anti-political movement. According toManemann, political action serves thecommon good and thus requires politicians to voice especially the interests of minorities. While politics was based onpluralism, Pegida was in fact anti-pluralistic and thus anti-political. InManemann's eyes, the movement has neither an appreciation ofotherness norempathy, which he sees as the basic virtue of political action.[155]
Explaining especially those protests against the actually non-existent threat of Islamisation from people with middle-class backgrounds, political scientistGesine Schwan referred to results from studies onprejudice. These studies indicate that aggressive prejudices do not originate from those groups met withresentment, but are rather a result of the situation of those who have them. In addition, fear of social decline often seems to be expressed throughaggression. This is then directed especially against those minorities which may seem dangerous, but are in reality unable to defend themselves, often due to a perceived unpopularity within the respective society. In the first half of the 20th century, it was the Jewish minority who were imputed with plans forworld domination. Today, it is the Muslim minority who is accused of plotting an Islamisation of Europe.[156]
In an interview about Pegida, researcher on prejudiceWolfgang Benz referred to his previous warnings about right-wing extremists using the fear of foreign infiltration for their ends. It was not the formation but the attendance figures that really surprised him.[157]
Political scientist and researcher on extremismArmin Pfahl-Traughber considers Pegida demonstrations "a new phenomenon ofxenophobia".[158] In an interview, he accused Pegida leaders of fuelling "hostility andhatred against people of differentethnicity or religion".[159]
On 5 January 2015, the Council on Migration called for a new general orientation in German society. Since, in their eyes, migration was controllable only to a limited extent, they suggested an orientation committee. Consisting of politicians and representatives of immigrants and minorities, this would work together in order to analyse and redefine "Germanidentity andsolidarity in a pluralistrepublican society". Their results were to be included in German schools' curricula in order to emphasize the historical importance ofmigration in Germany. In the eyes of the council, German policy has been influenced for far too long by the CDU's guiding principle of "Germany not being a land of immigration". Thus, a concept of integration should include foreigners and refugees in German society. According to the council, German integration policy should not only focus on immigrants, but also provide courses on integration for groups such as Pegida. Praising German ChancellorAngela Merkel's distancing herself from Pegida, the Council stressed that an immigration society is a very complex construct.[160]
Political theoristWolfgang Jäger considers Pegida a part of increasingly right-wing populist tendencies in Europe, in their Islamophobia possibly being the heir to widespreadantisemitism. He claims that the demonstrations themselves expose the movement's moderate position paper as afig leaf for "blatantly unconstitutional xenophobia". Thus, democrats should not sympathize with the movement, as their referring in particular to Judeo-Christian values was contrary to their actual demands.Jäger also voiced concerns about the "ghosts of the oldnationalism re-entering Germany through the back door". According to political theorists, a democracy needs to be measured by how itprotects its minorities. A knowledge of foreign cultures should be taught in schools. Only in this way would it be possible to understandglobalisation as a chance for cultural enrichment in the face of globalterrorism.[161]
The controversy around Pegida sparked reactions from international media as well. In France,Le Monde wrote that Islamophobia divided German society, whileLibération andL'Opinion discussed possible parallels to the French far-rightNational Front.[162] Several French and francophone cartoonists published a flyer aimed against a funeral march by Pegida in the wake of theCharlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015. The signatories – among them a surviving member ofCharlie Hebdo's editorial staff – disapproved of Pegida using the mourning to gather attention for their own cause. They stated that Pegida symbolised everythingCharlie Hebdo had fought against and asked the population of Dresden for more tolerance and to be open towards different cultures.[163]
The Times claimed that, for the first time since 1945, a German populist movement was publicly complaining about an ethnic minority. This would frighten the establishment.BBC News said that Germany is not used to such large numbers of demonstrators supporting such positions.[164]The Guardian described Pegida as an emerging campaign against immigrants that would eventually endanger tourism.[165]
The New York Times claimed that, because of its communist history, East Germany was more xenophobic than the rest of the country. The paper claimed that, in light of the low numbers of Muslims living in Saxony, the fear of Islamisation was bizarre.[166]
Russia Today reported comprehensively on Pegida. Its subsidiaryRuptly broadcast several rallies live on the internet.[167]
Turkey'sHürriyet andSabah reported on Pegida and counterrallies.Sabah interpreted the demonstrations as a "rise of the radical right in Europe". In an interview with theFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Turkish prime ministerAhmet Davutoğlu compared Pegida followers with members of the terror organisation IS. He said that both had an archaic mindset and that Turkey was "very concerned about Pegida". He called the movement a "threat to Turks, Muslims and Germany itself".[168]
The Arabic news networkAl Jazeera primarily reported on counter-demonstrations.[164]
Pegida has spawned a number of smaller offshoots across Germany, includingLegida inLeipzig,Sügida in southernThuringia,[74]Kagida inKassel,Wügida inWürzburg,Bogida inBonn,Dügida inDüsseldorf,[71] andFragida inFrankfurt.[169] After some internal disputes, representatives ofPegida NRW, an affiliate aiming to operate in the federal state ofNorth Rhine Westphalia, distanced itself from theBogida,Dügida andKögida clones in North Rhine–Westphalia. The latter were said to have been taken over by members of the openly xenophobic right-wing splinter partyPro NRW.[170] In January 2015,Pegida NRW replaced their media representativeMelanie Dittmer withSebastian Nobile, a member of the German Defence League, an anti-Islamist organisation modelled on theEnglish Defence League.[171]
In December 2014, rival right-wing forces founded ananti-American Facebook group under the name PEGADA (German:Patriotische Europäer gegen die Amerikanisierung des Abendlandes, or "Patriotic Europeans Against the Americanisation of the West"), claiming the true problem was not the phenomenon of Islamism but the suspected American forces behind it. On 25 January they held a first rally in Erfurt under the titleEnDgAmE (Engagierte Demokraten gegen die Amerikanisierung Europas, or "Committed democrats against the Americanisation of Europe"). Promoted by a number of activists of theThird PositionMahnwachen-Movement and byHooligans against Salafists (Hogesa).[172] They attracted some 1,000 protesters, but were opposed by 800 mostly left-wing counter-demonstrators[173] including Erfurt's mayorAndreas Bausewein and trade union members,Jusos and the localAntifa.[74]
Another offshoot,Nügida, drew scrutiny after several of its members became involved in aneo-Nazi plot to bomb a refugee centre.[174]
In January 2015, Pegida sympathizers held their first rally inOslo,Norway, with around 200 protesters led byMax Hermansen,[175] but this support quickly collapsed.[176][177] In neighbouringDenmark, around 200 protestersmarched in the capital,Copenhagen.[178] In the same month, a Spanish branch applied for a protest outside themain mosque inMadrid, which was rejected by government officials.[179] Marches were planned inSwitzerland andAntwerp,Belgium, but not permitted due toanti-terrorism raids in Verviers one week earlier.[180] The Antwerp demonstration was finally held on 2 March 2015 without the mayor's permission. About 350 persons were present and about 227 of them were fined for participating in an unauthorised demonstration.
On 28 February 2015,Pegida UK held its first protest inNewcastle upon Tyne, with around 400 attending. Around 1,000 people turned up to oppose, led by former MPGeorge Galloway.[181] There was a small Pegida demonstration in London on 4 April 2015, with a counter-demonstration by anti-fascist groups.[182]
The first Pegida demonstration in Sweden gathered eight people inMalmö and 5,000 opponents.[183][184] When Pegida called a demonstration inLinköping they gathered four persons.[185] In Uppsala, Pegida managed to gather about ten persons.[186] Following several failed demonstrations and internal strife the Swedish branch dissolved.[187]
A demonstration on 28 March 2015 inMontreal, Canada, by sympathizers of Pegida was cancelled when hundreds of people gathered to counter-protest.[188] A demonstration on 19 September 2015 in Toronto was attended by about a dozen members of Pegida Canada. The demonstration ended in a melee with counter-protesters who outnumbered Pegida members about twenty to one.[189][self-published source]
Political scientistFarid Hafez argues that Pegida was not able to settle down inAustria, since the far rightFPÖ already represented the ideology of Pegida in parliament and absorbed most of the far right human resources.[190]
Pegida Ireland had planned to have its inaugural rally in Dublin on 6 February 2016, during whichIdentity Ireland's Peter O’Loughlin, who was also to be chairman of Pegida Ireland, was to speak. While on his way to the rally on a tram, he and members of the movement were attacked by a group of men wearing black masks.[191][192] The planned rally never took place. A group of Pegida supporters was attacked and chased into a store by a group who broke away from a counter-demonstration.[193][194]
On 23 January 2016, representatives of 14 like-minded allies, including Pegida Austria, Pegida Bulgaria, andPegida Netherlands, met withLutz Bachmann andTatjana Festerling in the Czech Republic to sign the Prague Declaration, which states their belief that the "history of Western civilisation could soon come to an end through Islam conquering Europe", thus formalizing their membership in the Fortress Europe coalition against that eventuality. Other signatories present were the Czech organizationsBloc Against Islam,Odvaha andDawn – National Coalition, with the PolishNational Movement, theConservative People's Party of Estonia, and Italy'sLega Nord. Dawn's Marek Černoch said that the meeting was, among other things, a reaction to theattacks on women in Cologne in Germany on New Year's Eve, which took place as celebrations were being held to usher in 2016. At the end of the Prague Declaration, above the signatures, it is stated that there would be demonstrations on 6 February 2016 to manifest their determination. Others who joined Fortress Europe or participated in Pegida-organised demonstrations are:Identity Ireland,Pegida Switzerland,Pegida UK,Riposte Laïque,Republican Resistance,For Frihed,Reclaim Australia, and formerFrench Foreign Legion GeneralChristian Piquemal's group inCalais.[195][196][197][198]
has led, induced by the media event that is ISIS, to the resurgence of a populist demonstration culture in PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident) on the extreme Right, which has found supporters in the ...
Although founded in neighbouring Germany, PEGIDA has gained some support in Belgium. Support for the far-right and Islamophobic organisation is more keenly seen in Dutch-speaking Flanders, than in francophone Wallonia and Brussels.
Some have seen the rise of far-right and anti-Islamist groups, as in Germany where protests by the Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA) have been attended by thousands, matched by a counter-movement of ...
Pegida is a classic far-right anti-immigration movement.
In Germany, the far-right anti-Islam movement Pegida found massive audience in its anti-Islamic, anti-immigration marches
The 200 or so demonstrators trudging down the road are supporters of PEGIDA, a far-right German group whose name is an acronym for Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the Occident.
Protesters from the far-right PEGIDA movement attend a rally in Leipzig on Monday
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