| Freden i Lund | |
|---|---|
 Kungshuset (Royal castle) inLund | |
| Type |
|
| Signed | 26 September 1679 |
| Location | Lund,Scania |
| Signatories | |
| Parties | |
| Language | Latin |
ThePeace of Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, was the finalpeace treaty betweenDenmark–Norway and theSwedish Empire in theScanian War.
The war had started when Sweden onFrench initiative attackedBrandenburg-Prussia. Denmark got involved as part of the anti-Franco-Swedish alliance, occupied theSwedish dominions in northern Germany, incorporated the Swedish allyHolstein-Gottorp, won naval supremacy in theBaltic Sea and recovered some of herScandinavian provinces lost in theTreaty of Copenhagen (1660). Since 1678, France divided the anti-Franco-Swedish alliance by concluding separate peace treaties with its members in theTreaties of Nijmegen. Strengthened by the outcome of these treaties, France strove to relieve her Swedish ally. French military pressure first forced Brandenburg-Prussia into theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679), depriving Denmark of her most important ally.
Just after this had caused Danish and Swedish diplomats to start negotiations inLund, French forced Denmark to accept the French-dictatedTreaty of Fontainebleau (1679), that called for restoring to Sweden all her pre-war possessions and Holstein-Gottorp to its duke. Dano-Swedish negotiations in Lund continued, and the final treaty did not only confirm and detail the terms of Fontainebleau, but also included a secret alliance outlined primarily byGyllenstierna. The alliance, fragile from the beginning, broke apart in the following year after Gyllenstierna's death.
In 1678/79,Louis XIV ofFrance ended a series of conflicts by theTreaties of Nijmegen, most notably theFranco-Dutch War.[1] These treaties were favourable for France, who continued to maintain and use her 100,000 troops[2] and her status as agreat power to expand (pursuing so-calledréunions)[3] and intervene in theScanian War.[4]
This war had started when France pressed herSwedish ally to attack her adversaryBrandenburg-Prussia in 1674.[5] This move, though performed half-heartedly, succeeded in the withdrawal of the main Brandenburg-Prussian army from the French border in order to confront Sweden.[5] The price paid by Sweden for relieving Brandenburgian pressure on France was a series of lost battles fromFehrbellin toStralsund, which expelled Sweden fromher Pomeranian dominion.[6] Furthermore, the Swedish attack on Brandenburg promptedDenmark–Norway, like Brandenburg-Prussian a member of an anti-French alliance,[5] to enter the war.[7]
Before attacking Sweden directly,Christian V of Denmark expelled the Swedish allyChristian Albrecht (or Albert) fromHolstein-Gottorp.[7] Christian Albrecht had allied with Sweden after he was outmaneuvered by Christian V in a conflict over the succession inOldenburg, which emerged afterAnton Günther of Oldenburg's death in 1667.[8] In 1675, Christian V's attack forced Christian Albrecht to unite his duchy with Denmark in theTreaty of Rendsburg and exile toHamburg.[8]
Later in 1675, the Danish armies sacked SwedishWismar andBremen-Verden, participated in the Brandenburg-Prussian campaign inSwedish Pomerania, and started a naval offensive that two years later put an end to Swedish supremacy in theBaltic Sea in theBattle of Køge.[7] Danish recovery of theprovinces lost to Sweden in theSecond Northern War however proved difficult, and after the Danish invasion in June 1676 and the subsequentsetback in Lund, neither Denmark nor Sweden was able to gain the upper hand in theScanian theater.[7]
After Louis XIV had divided the anti-French coalition[7] and settled with most of his adversaries in Nijmegen, his armies crossed theRhine to relieve his hard-pressed allyCharles XI of Sweden.[9] The invasion of the Brandenburg-Prussian Rhine provinces in May 1679 forcedFrederick William I to withdraw from the war and agree to the French-dictated terms of theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[9] Deprived of her allies, Denmark had no choice but to settle for peace.[7]
Negotiations started in June 1679 in theScanian town ofLund.[10] The Danish plenipotentiaries wereAnton of Aldenburg andJens Juel, whileJohan Göransson Gyllenstierna andFrans Joel Örnstedt negotiated for Sweden.
French pressure left Denmark no choice but to return to the status quo ante bellum in theTreaty of Fontainebleau on 23 August (O.S.) / 2 September 1679, which restored all conquests made during the war to Sweden in turn for a "paltry indemnity".[11]
The treaty, concluded by Danish, French and Swedish envoys in Louis XIV'spalace of Fontainebleau just south ofParis, was written inFrench andLatin.[12] The plenipotentiaries' leeway was limited, as Louis XIV had decreed in August that the settlement was to be a "total restitution" of pre-war Swedish territory to his ally, "the preservation of [whose] interests is no less dear to me than of my own".[13] Rying (1981) summarized the treaty as follows:
"Denmark would come empty-handed out of a war with France as an enemy. Ten cannons as trophies from each of the captured fortresses were all that Denmark got out of this war, that was [...] lost at Fontainebleau."[14]
The validity of the treaties ofWestphalia (1648),Roskilde (1658) andCopenhagen (1660) was confirmed, andChristian Albrecht restored inHolstein-Gottorp.[15]
The final settlement at Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, detailed and amended Fontainebleau. French pressure assured that the terms of Fontainebleau were confirmed, as was Sweden's exemption from theSound Dues.[11]
Besides areas inSkåneland, the Danish-occupied territories which were to be returned also included the Swedish port ofWismar inMecklenburg and northernSwedish Pomerania with the isle ofRügen. Rügen was to be returned on 20 October 1679 (Article VI), while Wismar was to be returned only after Denmark had received the agreed-on contributions (Article VII).[16]
In addition to these openly proclaimed articles, the treaty included secret paragraphs negotiated byJohan Göransson Gyllenstierna.[17] They outlined a strategy of mutual assistance, which Gyllenstierna understood was the only way the Scandinavian countries were able to compete withFrance andBrandenburg-Prussia.[17] The alliance was to last ten years.[18]
Gyllenstierna had come to power during the war, and by 1679 controlled Sweden's foreign policy[19] to a point that he was given "free hand" byCharles XI in negotiating the treaty.[20] His goal was to free the resources bound by the continuous Dano-Swedish hostilities, assert common control of the Baltic Sea, advance to a more favourable commercial position with respect to theDutch Republic, and be able to negotiate better terms withFrance with respect to military alliances.[19] Yet, as Charles XI and other leading Swedish figures, he was also hostile towards Denmark–Norway, and had proposed to eliminate Denmark–Norway in a joint Franco-Swedish attack just prior to the negotiations.[19] While his motives remain speculative, the secret alliance as laid out in the treaty included several co-operations in northernGermany, joint negotiations with France, and a joint position regarding theBaltic Sea trade.[19]
A defensive alliance was also concluded, but included in the public part of the treaty.[20] The secret articles of Lund were revealed only in 1870.[17]
WhileCharles XI of Sweden marriedUlrika Eleonora of Denmark and the conciliatory Gyllenstierna became governor of contestedScania in 1679, his death in 1680 leftBengt Oxenstierna in charge of Sweden's foreign relations.[21] Oxenstierna reversed Gyllenstierna's policies, instead he started bending the terms of Lund already in his first year in office by ratifying a Dutch-Swedish treaty without consulting Denmark,[22] and thereafter allied with various European powers to force Denmark–Norway out ofSchleswig in 1689.[21]
The early 1690s saw a short period of Dano-Swedish rapprochement, when the alliance of Lund was renewed and extended in 1690 and 1693 for fear of theMaritime Powers, resulting in the Scandinavian states' firstarmed neutrality.[21] Yet in 1700, the countrieswere at war again.[17]
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