Newman won severalnational championships as a driver inSports Car Club of America road racing. He co-foundedNewman's Own, a food company that donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity.[2] As of May 2021, these donations totaled over US$570 million.[3] Newman continued to found charitable organizations, such as theSeriousFun Children's Network in 1988 and theSafe Water Network in 2006. Newman was married twice and fathered six children. His second wife was actressJoanne Woodward, with whom he had a screen partnership in directing or acting together throughout their lifetime.
Paul Leonard Newman was born on January 26, 1925, inCleveland Heights, Ohio, and raised in nearbyShaker Heights, the second son of Theresa Garth (née Fetzer, Fetzko, or Fetsko;Slovak:Terézia Fecková;[4][5] 1894–1982) and Arthur Sigmund Newman Sr. (1893–1950), who ran a sporting goods store.[6][7]
Newman served in theUnited States Navy inWorld War II in thePacific theater.[15] He enrolled in the NavyV-12 pilot training program atYale University but was dropped when hiscolorblindness was diagnosed.[15][17] He later recounted that it was "a bit more complicated" than colorblindness. He also "couldn't do the mathematical things that being a pilot requires". A subsequent test found that he was not colorblind.[18] Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and tail gunner. He performed poorly in that role, and a friend from the service recounted in Newman's posthumous memoir that his friends lied to Navy trainers so he could pass.[19]
Qualifying intorpedo bombers in 1944,Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent toBarbers Point, Hawaii. He was assigned to Pacific-based replacement torpedo squadrons VT-98, VT-99, and VT-100, responsible primarily for training replacement combat pilots and aircrewmen, with special emphasis on carrier landings.[17] Newman later flew as a turret gunner in anAvenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the aircraft carrierBunker Hill with other replacements shortly before theBattle of Okinawa in spring 1945. The pilot of his aircraft had an earache and was grounded, as was his crew, including Newman. The rest of their squadron flew to theBunker Hill. Days later, akamikaze attack on the vessel killed several hundred crewmen and airmen, including other members of his unit.[20][21]
United States Navy photograph of Newman, 1944 or 1945
In a 2011 interview, screenwriterStewart Stern recounted that Newman drew on an incident from his Navy years as an "emotional trigger to express the character's trauma" when acting in the 1956 filmThe Rack. He said that Newman thought back to an incident in which his best friend was sliced to pieces on an aircraft carrier by a plane's propeller.[22]
He made hisBroadway theatre debut in the original production ofWilliam Inge'sPicnic withKim Stanley in 1953. While working on the production, he metJoanne Woodward, an understudy. The two were married in 1958. He also appeared in the original Broadway production ofThe Desperate Hours in 1955. In 1959, he was in the original Broadway production ofSweet Bird of Youth withGeraldine Page and three years later starred with Page in the film version. During this time Newman started acting in television. His first credited role was in a 1952 episode ofTales of Tomorrow entitled "Ice from Space".[29] In the mid-1950s, he appeared twice onCBS'sAppointment with Adventureanthology series.
In February 1954, Newman appeared in ascreen test withJames Dean, directed byGjon Mili, forEast of Eden (1955). Newman was tested for the role of Aron Trask, Dean for the role of Aron's twin brother Cal. Dean won his part, but Newman lost out toRichard Davalos. That same year, as a last-minute replacement for Dean, he co-starred withEva Marie Saint andFrank Sinatra in a live color television broadcast ofOur Town, which was a musical adaptation ofThornton Wilder's stage play.[30] After Dean's death, Newman replaced Dean in the role of a boxer in a television adaptation of Hemingway's story "The Battler", written by A. E. Hotchner. It was broadcast live on October 18, 1955. That performance led to his breakthrough role as Rocky Graziano in the filmSomebody Up There Likes Me in 1956.[31] The Dean connection had additional resonance. Newman was cast as Billy the Kid inThe Left Handed Gun, which was a role originally earmarked for Dean. Additionally, Dean was originally cast to play the role ofRocky Graziano inSomebody Up There Likes Me; however, with his death, Newman got the role.[32][33]
Newman in 1954
Newman's first film for Hollywood wasThe Silver Chalice (1954), co-starring Italian actressPier Angeli. The film was a box-office failure, and the actor would later acknowledge his disdain for it.[citation needed] In 1956, Newman garnered much attention and acclaim for the role of Rocky Graziano inRobert Wise's biographical filmSomebody Up There Likes Me.[34] That year, he also played the lead inArnold Laven'sThe Rack.[35] In 1957, Newman worked again with director Wise inUntil They Sail.[36] Also that year, he acted inMichael Curtiz'sThe Helen Morgan Story.[37]
In 1967, Newman starred inMartin Ritt'sHombre.[46] The film earned many positive reviews.[47] Also that year, he starred inStuart Rosenberg'sCool Hand Luke.[48] Newman was again nominated for Best Actor at the Academy Awards.[49] In 2005, the United StatesLibrary of Congress selected the film for preservation in theNational Film Registry, considering it "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[50][51] CriticRoger Ebert wrote, "Luke is the first Newman character to understand himself well enough to tell us to shove off. He's through risking his neck to make us happy. With this film, Newman completes a cycle of five films over six years, and together they have something to say about the current status of heroism".[52]
In 1968, Newman directedRachel, Rachel starring Woodward and based onMargaret Laurence'sA Jest of God. According to Woodward, Newman did not like the book and had no intention of directing the film. He changed his mind when Woodward could not find any other director. To do the project, the pair accepted a deferred payment. The film was nominated for fourAcademy Awards includingBest Picture and won twoGolden Globes includingBest Director.[53]
In 1969, Newman co-starred with Woodward inJames Goldstone's auto racing filmWinning.[54] It was one of the top-grossing film that year in the U.S., reaching the thirteenth position and earning $14,644,335.[55]
Also that year, Newman teamed with fellow actorRobert Redford and directorGeorge Roy Hill forButch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. ScriptwriterWilliam Goldman talked to Newman about his ideas on approaching the subject matter. Once a script was completed, actorSteve McQueen, who had read it, called Newman suggesting that they star in it together. Newman, assuming he would play the character of Sundance, suggested that they jointly buy the intellectual property, at which point McQueen hesitated. It was eventually bought by producerPaul Monash, and Newman was cast as Butch, which created a title change with Redford as Sundance. Newman explained that for the scene where his character performs bicycle tricks a stuntman had been hired, though the footage had left director Hill unsatisfied; Newman had to perform the tricks. Furthermore, Newman explained that it was his idea with Goldman to develop the musical interlude. The film was a success, grossing over $15 million at the box office, and it was fourth highest-grossing film of the year. At the Academy Awards it was nominated for Best Picture as well as well as receiving nominations in other categories.[56]
In 1970, Newman produced and co-starred with Woodward inStuart Rosenberg'sWUSA, based onRobert Stone's novelA Hall of Mirrors. Newman and his partner John Foreman purchased the rights for $50,000. The film flopped both commercially and critically.[58] However, Newman later said that it is "the most significant film I've ever made and the best".[59]
In 1971, Newman directed and starred inSometimes a Great Notion based onKen Kesey'snovel. Although several directors were considered, it was announced that Newman would direct. However,Richard A. Colla was signed to direct the film in May 1970. Five weeks after principal photography began, Colla left the project due to "artistic differences over photographic concept", as well as a required throat operation. At the same time, Newman broke his ankle and the production shut downon July 29. As co-executive producer, Newman considered replacing Colla with George Roy Hill, but Hill declined the offer, so when filming resumed two weeks later, Newman was directing.[60]
Also that year, Newman hostedDavid Winters' made-for-TV documentaryOnce Upon a Wheel.[61] Winters said that at the time Newman had publicly stated he did not want to do television and turned it down for that reason until Winters explained his own vision to Newman.[62] Newman, a race car enthusiast, said, "The show gives me a chance to get close to a sport I'm crazy about. I love to test a car on my own, to see what I can do, but racing with 25 other guys is a whole different thing. There are so many variables, the skill demanded is tremendous."[63]Bob Bondurant, Newman's driving instructor who appears in the film,[64] explained thatOnce Upon a Wheel was a passion project for Newman "because he wanted to learn how to drive" and that he had refused projects that would have paid him a much larger salary.[65] The project marked Newman's return to television after a decade long absence,[66] and his first time as the lead of a program.[67] During post-production, Winters said that Newman, who liked what he saw, gave him the idea to add some footage to sell it as a theatrical film worldwide.[62] Upon its release, the documentary generally received good reviews for its directing, pace, photography, music, and human interest stories.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77]
In 1973, Newman reunited with director George Roy Hill and fellow actor Robert Redford inThe Sting. The film made over $68,000,000 in the North American box office and was the highest-grossing film of 1974.[80] For his participation, Newman received top billing, $500,000, and a percentage of the profits.[81] The film was awarded Best Picture at the Academy Awards.[82]
In 1974, Newman co-starred withSteve McQueen inJohn Guillermin's disaster filmThe Towering Inferno. Newman plays an architect trapped in a burning skyscraper that he had designed. Newman was paid $1,000,000 plus a percentage of the gross, and he insisted that he do his own stunts. The film was a success and its North American gross was $55,000,000.[83]
In 1975, his third film with First Artists was theHarper sequelThe Drowning Pool, in which Woodward appeared.
Newman (left) and director George Roy Hill on the set ofSlap Shot in 1976
In 1977, Newman reunited with director Hill in the hockey sport comedySlap Shot. At the time of its release the film received mixed reviews, many saying that it was "setting a new standard in its use of obscenities". Years later on Home Video and cable showings the film gained cult status.[84]
Frank Galvin provides Newman with the occasion for one of his great performances. This is the first movie in which Newman has looked a little old, a little tired. There are moments when his face sags and his eyes seem terribly weary ... [Newman] gives us old, bone-tired, hung-over, trembling (and heroic) Frank Galvin, and we buy it lock, stock and shot glass.
In mid-1987, Newman suedUniversal Pictures for allegedly failing to account properly for revenues from video distribution of four of his films made for Universal and that Universal owed him at least $1 million for the home video versions ofThe Sting,Slap Shot,Winning, andSometimes a Great Notion. The complaint claimed that Universal accounted for the cassette revenues in a way that improperly decreased amounts due to Newman, with the actor wanting a full accounting along with $2 million in damages.[90]
In 2003, Newman appeared in a Broadway revival of Wilder'sOur Town, winning a nomination for aTony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance.PBS and the cable networkShowtime aired a taping of the production, and Newman was nominated for anEmmy Award as well[96] for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie. Newman's last live-action movie appearance was as a conflicted mob boss in theSam Mendes-directed filmRoad to Perdition (2002) oppositeTom Hanks,Jude Law, andStanley Tucci. For his performance he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
In keeping with his strong interest in auto racing, Newman provided the voice ofDoc Hudson, a retired anthropomorphic race car, inCars (2006). This was his final role in a major feature film as well as his only animated film role. Almost nine years after his death, he was billed as Doc Hudson inCars 3 (2017), his appearance made possible through the use of archival recordings. Newman retired from acting in May 2007, saying: "You start to lose your memory, you start to lose your confidence, you start to lose your invention. So I think that's pretty much a closed book for me."[97] He came out of retirement to record narration for the 2007 documentaryDale about the life ofNASCAR driverDale Earnhardt and for the 2008 documentaryThe Meerkats, his final film role overall.
Newman was married twice. His first marriage was to Jackie Witte[15] (1929–1994) from 1949 to 1958. They had a son,Scott (1950–1978) and two daughters, Susan (1953–2025) and Stephanie Kendall (born 1954).[15] Scott, who appeared in films includingThe Towering Inferno (1974),Breakheart Pass (1975), andFraternity Row (1977) died in November 1978 from a drug overdose.[98] Newman started the Scott Newman Center fordrug abuse prevention in memory of his son.[99] Susan was a documentary filmmaker and philanthropist and had Broadway and screen credits, including a starring role as one of four Beatles fans inI Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978), and also a small role opposite her father inSlap Shot and appeared inA Wedding (1978).[100] She also received a Golden Globe and Humanitas Award, plus Emmy, Peabody and Grammy Awards nominations, for her role as co-producer of Newman's 1980 telefilmThe Shadow Box.[100] She died on 2 August 2025 at the age of 72;[101][100] her death was not made public until October 7, 2025.[101][100]
Newman met actress Joanne Woodward in 1953,[102] on the production ofPicnic on Broadway.[103] It was Newman's debut; Woodward was an understudy.[104] Shortly after filmingThe Long, Hot Summer in 1957, he divorced Witte to marry Woodward. The Newmans moved to East 11th Street in Manhattan,[105] before buying a home and raising their family inWestport, Connecticut. They were one of the first Hollywood movie star couples to choose to raise their families outside California.[106] They remained married for 50 years until his death in 2008.[107] Woodward has said "He's very good looking and very sexy and all of those things, but all of that goes out the window and what is finally left is, if you can make somebody laugh... And he sure does keep me laughing." Newman has attributed their relationship success to "some combination of lust and respect and patience. And determination."[108]
They had three daughters:Elinor "Nell" Teresa (b. 1959),Melissa "Lissy" Stewart (b. 1961), and Claire "Clea" Olivia (b. 1965). Newman was well known for his devotion to his wife and family. When once asked about his reputation for fidelity, he famously quipped, "Why go out for a hamburger when you have steak at home?" He also said that he never met anyone who had as much to lose as he did. In his profile on60 Minutes, he admitted he once left Woodward after a fight, walked around the outside of the house, knocked on the front door and explained to Joanne he had nowhere to go.[106] Newman directed Nell alongside her mother in the filmsRachel, Rachel andThe Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds. Newman and Woodward also acted as mentors toAllison Janney. They met her while she was a freshman atKenyon College during a play Newman was directing.[109]
Newman in 2007
In his biographyPaul Newman: A Life (2009) film criticShawn Levy alleged that Newman had had an affair in the late 1960s with divorcée Nancy Bacon, a Hollywood journalist, that lasted one and a half years.[110][111] In an article in theIrish Independent, which stated also that Levy's claims "caused outrage" and were widely considered "an attempt to sully the image of a revered cinematic legend and committed philanthropist", the affair was reportedly denied by a friend of Newman's wife Joanne, who said she was upset by the claim. Levy criticized the tabloid newspaper theNew York Post, which had a long-standing feud with Newman,[112] for focusing on and emphasizing this aspect of his biography.[113]
Newman and Woodward were the subject of a 2022docuseries byEthan Hawke,The Last Movie Stars, which was broadcast onHBO Max.[114] The docuseries was based upon tapes compiled by Newman's friendStewart Stern for a memoir that Newman abandoned but which was eventually published in 2022 asThe Extraordinary Life of An Ordinary Man.[115]Laura Linney voiced Woodward andGeorge Clooney voiced Newman.
Even though Newman followed the pluralisticUnitarian Universalism movement as an adult, he called himself a Jew, "because it's more of a challenge".[116][117] When he applied to Kenyon College after the Navy he gave his religion as "Christian Scientist", but apart from that he did not deny that he was Jewish.[118] He recounted in his posthumous memoirs having a "strong sense of otherness" as a youth because he was half-Jewish.[119] His heritage "got in the way of my sitting at the 'A' table, which was important to me," but he received no instruction on his Jewish heritage. He only knew that "if you were Jewish, some avenues were shut to you," and that "hurt me and my brother a great deal."[120] Newman deflected the pain with humor, sometimes doing Yiddish voices "for laughs." He was excluded from a high school fraternity because he was Jewish, and got into a "bloody fight" in the Navy because a sailor used an anti-Semitic slur.[118] A family friend recounted that the "stigma" of being Jewish was strong in Shaker Heights at the time. "Paul didn't seem Jewish at all, but he paid a price, he had a rough time."[121]
After he began appearing in films, Newman made a point of not changing his name. When he was being considered for the role of Terry Malloy inOn the Waterfront, producerSam Spiegel asked him to "get rid of 'Paul Newman'". Newman's response to Spiegel was, "What do you want me to change it to, 'S.P. Ewman'?"[122]
In June 2008, it was widely reported in the press that he had been diagnosed withlung cancer and was receiving treatment for the condition at theMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.[124]A.E. Hotchner, who partnered in the 1980s with Newman to startNewman's Own, told the Associated Press in an interview in mid-2008 that Newman had told him about being afflicted with the disease about 18 months earlier.[125] Newman's spokesman told the press that the star was "doing nicely", but neither confirmed nor denied that he had lung cancer.[126] Newman was a heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life until he quit in 1986.[127]
Newman died at his home in Westport, Connecticut, on the morning of September 26, 2008, at the age of 83.[128][129] He wascremated after a private funeral service.[130]
With writerA. E. Hotchner, Newman foundedNewman's Own, a line of food products, in 1982. The brand started with salad dressing and has expanded to include pasta sauce, lemonade, popcorn, salsa, and wine, among other things. Newman established a policy that all proceeds, after taxes, would be donated to charity. He co-wrote amemoir about the subject with Hotchner,Shameless Exploitation in Pursuit of the Common Good. Among other awards, Newman's Own co-sponsors thePEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award, a $25,000 reward designed to recognize those who protect theFirst Amendment as it applies to the written word.[131]
One beneficiary of his philanthropy is theHole in the Wall Gang Camp, a residential summer camp for seriously ill children located inAshford, Connecticut, which Newman co-founded in 1988. It is named after the gang in his filmButch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), and the real-life, historicHole-in-the-Wall outlaw hangout in the mountains of northernWyoming. Newman's college fraternity,Phi Kappa Tau, adopted his Connecticut Hole in the Wall camp as their "national philanthropy" in 1995. The original camp has expanded to become several Hole in the Wall Camps in the U.S., Ireland, France, and Israel.[2] In 1988, Newman founded theSeriousFun Children's Network, a global family ofsummer camps and programs for children with serious illnesses.[132] In 2006, Newman also co-foundedSafe Water Network withJohn Whitehead, former chairman of Goldman Sachs, and Josh Weston, former chairman of ADP, to improve access to safe water to underserved communities around the world.[133]
In 1983, Newman became a major donor forThe Mirror Theater Ltd, alongsideDustin Hoffman andAl Pacino, matching a grant fromLaurance Rockefeller.[134] Newman was inspired to invest by his connection withLee Strasberg, as Lee's then daughter-in-law Sabra Jones was the founder and producing artistic director of The Mirror. Paul Newman remained a friend of the company until his death and discussed at numerous times possible productions in which he could star with his wife,Joanne Woodward. In June 1999, Newman donated $250,000 toCatholic Relief Services to aid refugees inKosovo.[135]
On June 1, 2007,Kenyon College announced that Newman had donated $10 million to the school to establish a scholarship fund as part of the college's $230 million fund-raising campaign. Newman and Woodward were honorary co-chairs of a previous campaign.[136]
Newman was one of the founders of the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy (CECP).[137] Newman was named the Most Generous Celebrity of 2008 by Givingback.org. He contributed $20,857,000 for the year of 2008 to the Newman's Own Foundation, which distributes funds to a variety of charities.[138]
Upon Newman's death, the Italian newspaper (a "semi-official" paper of theHoly See)L'Osservatore Romano published a notice lauding Newman's philanthropy. It also commented that "Newman was a generous heart, an actor of a dignity and style rare in Hollywood quarters."[139]
Newman was responsible for preserving lands around Westport, Connecticut. He lobbied the state's governor for funds for the 2011 Aspetuck Land Trust in Easton.[140] In 2011, Paul Newman's estate gifted land to Westport to be managed by theAspetuck Land Trust.[141]
Newman was a lifelongDemocrat, although he endorsed and voted for Independent candidateJohn B. Anderson in1980,[142] who was a liberalRepublican, instead of the incumbent Democratic president,Jimmy Carter. For Newman's support ofEugene McCarthy in1968, effective use of television commercials in California, and his opposition to theVietnam War, Newman was placed nineteenth onRichard Nixon's enemies list,[143] which Newman claimed was his greatest accomplishment. In 1964, he and his wife,Joanne Woodward, supportedLyndon B. Johnson for president.[144] During the 1968 presidential election, Newman supported Democratic nomineeHubert Humphrey and appeared in a pre-election night telethon for him.[145][146] He was also described as a "vocal supporter" of gay rights and same-sex marriage.[147][148]
Newman was an auto racing enthusiast and first became interested in motorsports ("the first thing that I ever found I had any grace in") while training at theWatkins Glen Racing School for the filming ofWinning, a 1969 film.[160] According to his instructorBob Bondurant, his love and passion for racing, Newman agreed in 1971 to star in and to host television specialOnce Upon a Wheel, on the history of auto racing.[65] Newman's first professional event as a racer was in 1972 atThompson International Speedway, quietly entered as "P. L. Newman", by which he continued to be known in the racing community.[161]
From the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, he drove for theBob Sharp Racing team, racing mainlyDatsuns (later rebranded asNissans) in theTrans-Am Series. He became closely associated with the brand during the 1980s, even appearing in commercials for the brand in Japan and havinga special edition of the Nissan Skyline named after him. At the age of 70 years and eight days, Newman became the oldest driver to date to be part of a winning team in a major sanctioned race,[164] winning in his class at the 199524 Hours of Daytona.[165] Among his last major races were theBaja 1000 in 2004 and the 24 Hours of Daytona once again in 2005.[166]
During the 1976 auto racing season, Newman became interested in forming a professional auto racing team and contactedBill Freeman, who introduced Newman to professional auto racing management, and their company specialized inCan-Am,Indy Cars, and other high-performance racing automobiles. The team was based inSanta Barbara, California, and commuted toWillow Springs International Motorsports Park for many of its testing sessions.
TheirNewman Freeman Racing team was very competitive in the North AmericanCan-Am series in its Budweiser-sponsored, Chevrolet-poweredSpyder NFs. Newman and Freeman began a long and successful partnership with the Newman Freeman Racing team in the Can-Am series, which culminated in the Can-Am Team Championship trophy in 1979. Newman was associated with Freeman's establishedPorsche racing team, which enabled both Newman and Freeman to compete inSCCA andIMSA racing events together, including theSebring 12-hour endurance sports car race. This car was sponsored by Beverly Porsche/Audi. Freeman wasSports Car Club of America's Southern Pacific National Champion during the Newman Freeman period. Later, Newman co-foundedNewman/Haas Racing withCarl Haas, aChamp Car team, in 1983, going on to win eight drivers' championships under his ownership. Newman was also briefly an owner in theNASCAR Winston Cup Series when he co-founded a research and development #18 team withHendrick Motorsports'Greg Sacks behind the wheel; the team shut down after two seasons after losing its primary sponsor. The 1996 racing season was chronicled in theIMAX filmSuper Speedway (1997), which Newman narrated. He was a partner in theAtlantic Championship teamNewman Wachs Racing.[167] Newman voicedDoc Hudson inCars (2006).
Having said he would quit "when I embarrass myself", Newman competed into his 80s, winning atLime Rock in what former co-driverSam Posey called a "brutish Corvette", which displayed his age as its number: 81.[161] He took the pole in his last professional race, in 2007 at Watkins Glen International, and in a 2008 run at Lime Rock, arranged by friends, he reportedly still did 9/10 of his best time.[168] Newman was posthumously inducted into theSCCA Hall of Fame at the national convention inLas Vegas, Nevada, on February 21, 2009.[169]Lime Rock Park's No Name Straight was renamed Paul Newman Straight in 2022.[170] Newman's racing life was chronicled in the documentaryWinning: The Racing Life of Paul Newman (2015).
Newman was nominated for anAcademy Award in five different decades.[173] In addition to awards Newman won for specific roles, he received anhonorary Academy Award in 1986 for his "many and memorable and compelling screen performances" and theJean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for his charity work in 1994.[174]
Since the 1970s,Newman Day is an event celebrated at Kenyon College,Bates College,Princeton University, and some other American colleges. On Newman Day, students try to drink 24 beers in 24 hours, based on a quote attributed to Newman about there being 24 beers in a case, and 24 hours in a day, and that this is surely not a mere coincidence.[179] In 2004, Newman requested that Princeton University dissociate the event from his name, due to the fact that he did not endorse the behavior. He cited his creation in 1980 of the Scott Newman Center, "dedicated to the prevention ofsubstance abuse through education". Princeton disavowed any responsibility for the event, responding that Newman Day is not sponsored, endorsed, or encouraged by the university itself and is solely an unofficial event among students.[180][181]
^DiGiaomo, Frank (December 2004)."The Gossip Behind the Gossip".Vanity Fair. Archived fromthe original on September 29, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2011.Susan Mulcahy: 'There were certain people, like Paul Newman, who were not allowed to be mentioned in the paper at all. They were not even allowed to mention him in the television listings.'
^Natale, Richard (September 27, 2008)."Film icon Paul Newman dies at 83".Variety.Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. RetrievedDecember 26, 2020.Paul Newman, the Academy Award-winning star, activist, racecar driver and salad dressing impresario, died Friday at his home near Westport, Conn., after a long battle with cancer. He was 83.
^BJ Colangelo (February 2022)."Denzel Washington Has Now Been Nominated For An Oscar In Five Different Decades"./Film. RetrievedOctober 28, 2022.Washington has become the eighth actor to have been nominated for an Oscar in five different decades, joining Jack Nicholson, Meryl Streep, Michael Caine, Laurence Olivier, Katharine Hepburn, Paul Newman, and ... Frances McDormand
Demers, Jenifer (2008).Paul Newman: The Dream has Ended!. California: Createspace.ISBN978-1-4404-3323-8.
Dherbier, Yann-Brice; Verlhac, Pierre-Henri (2006).Paul Newman: A Life in Pictures. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books.ISBN978-0-8118-5726-0.OCLC71146543.
Hotchner, A. E. (2010).Paul and Me: Fifty-three Years of Adventures and Misadventures with My Pal, Paul Newman. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-385-53233-4.
