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Paul Joseph DiMaggio (born January 10, 1951, inPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania)[1] is an American educator, andprofessor ofsociology atNew York University since 2015. Previously, he was a professor of sociology atPrinceton University.
A graduate ofSwarthmore College, DiMaggio earned hisPh.D. in sociology fromHarvard in 1979. He was the executive director ofYale's program on nonprofit organizations (1982–87), and through 1991 he was a professor in the sociology department at the university. He was a fellow at theCenter for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1984–85) and at theJohn Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1990). He also served on theConnecticut Commission on the Arts and on the board of the National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. He was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Society in 2016.[2]
DiMaggio's major works have been in the study of institutions and organizations and the formation of "high culture" in the U.S. His recent research exploressocial inequality in the Internet.[citation needed]
According to DiMaggio, belief systems and cultural frames are imposed on and adapted by individual actors and organisations. Thus, roles are for a large part determined by larger structures.[citation needed]
In a much-quoted article, DiMaggio andWalter W. Powell argued that organizations, whether corporate, governmental, or non-profit, adopt business practices not because they are efficient, but because they furnish legitimacy in the eyes of outside stakeholders, e. g. lenders, government regulators, and shareholders, as they need to maintain the confidence of these often poorly-informed outside parties. This makes them less creative and innovative in their practices, and leads toinstitutional isomorphism.[citation needed]
In his cultural studies, DiMaggio's historical research documented the self-conscious creation of "high culture" in the late 19th-century America. DiMaggio argues that, unsettled by the weakclass distinctions in growingindustrial cities, localelites created a "sophisticated" culture (via thearts,universities,social clubs, and the like) that would separate commoners from those of high standing. DiMaggio says that "high culture" models developed by founders ofmuseums andorchestras were then adopted by patrons ofopera,dance, andtheatre.[citation needed]
DiMaggio's recent research considers the cultural advent of the Internet. He compares the emergence of the Internet with the rise oftelevision in the 1950s.[3] Television was introduced to Americanconsumers in 1948, and within ten years 90% ofhouseholds had TV. In contrast, Internet diffusion (introduced on a large scale in 1994) seems to have stalled at approximately 60% of American households. DiMaggio believes that this difference is the result of the so-calleddigital divide - inequalities in Internet usage byrace,income, andeducation level. DiMaggio maintains that these inequalities were not found in the adoption of TV in the 1950s, and suggests that differences in Internet usage among social groups will continue. This remains an open question, and some recent data suggest Internet usage is growing, with more than 70% of American adults reporting that they use the Internet.[4][5][6]
