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Paul Bremer | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Bremer in 2003 | |
| Administrator of theCoalition Provisional Authority ofIraq | |
| In office May 12, 2003 – June 28, 2004 | |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Deputy | Richard Jones |
| President of the IGC | |
| Preceded by | Jay Garner (as Director of theOffice for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance) |
| Succeeded by | Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (asInterim President of Iraq) |
| 6thCoordinator for Counterterrorism | |
| In office October 17, 1986 – May 25, 1989 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Robert B. Oakley |
| Succeeded by | Morris Busby |
| United States Ambassador to the Netherlands | |
| In office August 31, 1983 – August 25, 1986 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | William J. Dyess |
| Succeeded by | John S. R. Shad |
| 9thExecutive Secretary of the United States Department of State | |
| In office February 2, 1981 – March 27, 1983 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Peter Tarnoff |
| Succeeded by | Charles Hill |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Lewis Paul Bremer III (1941-09-30)September 30, 1941 (age 84) Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | |
Lewis Paul Bremer III (born September 30, 1941) is a retired American diplomat. He was the secondde facto chief civilian administrator ofIraq as leader of theCoalition Provisional Authority (CPA) following the2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States, from May 2003 until June 2004.[1]
Born on September 30, 1941, inHartford, Connecticut, Bremer was educated atNew Canaan Country School,Kent School, andPhillips Academy Andover. Bremer's father was president of theChristian Dior Perfumes Corporation in New York and his mother was a lecturer inart history at theUniversity of Bridgeport.
Bremer graduated fromYale University in 1963 and went on to earn an MBA fromHarvard University in 1966. He later continued his education at theInstitut d'études politiques de Paris, where he earned a Certificate of Political Studies (CEP).
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That same year he joined theForeign Service, which sent him first toKabul,Afghanistan, as a general services officer. He was assigned toBlantyre,Malawi, as economic and commercial officer from 1968 to 1971.
During the 1970s, Bremer held various domestic posts with theU.S. State Department, including posts as an assistant toHenry Kissinger from 1972 to 1976.[2] He accompanied Kissinger onshuttle diplomacy missions toIsrael,Syria, andEgypt to resolve theYom Kippur War in 1973.[3] He was Deputy Chief of Mission inOslo,Norway, from 1976 to 1979, returning to the United States to take a post of deputy executive secretary of the Department of State, where he remained from 1979 until 1981. In 1981, he was promoted toexecutive secretary and special assistant toAlexander Haig.
Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer asambassador to the Netherlands in 1983[4] and ambassador-at-large for counterterrorism andcoordinator for counterterrorism in 1986.[5]
Bremer retired from the Foreign Service in 1989 and became managing director atKissinger and Associates, a worldwide consulting firm founded byHenry Kissinger. A career member of theSenior Foreign Service, class of career minister, Bremer received the State DepartmentSuperior Honor Award, two Presidential Meritorious Service Awards, and theDistinguished Honor Award from the Secretary of State.[citation needed] Before rejoining government in 2003, he was chairman and CEO of Marsh Crisis Consulting, a risk and insurance services firm which is a subsidiary ofMarsh & McLennan Companies.[citation needed]
He also served as a trustee on theEconomic Club of New York,[6] and a board member of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.,Akzo Nobel NV, the Harvard Business School Club of New York[7] and the Netherland-America Foundation. He served on the International Advisory Boards ofKomatsu Corporation andChugai Pharmaceuticals.
Bremer and 1,700 of the employees of Marsh & McLennan had offices in theWorld Trade Center. Bremer's office was in theNorth Tower. In an interview withCNN after theSeptember 11 attacks, he stated that their office was located "above where thesecond aircraft hit."[8] On September 11, he was interviewed in Washington onWRC-TV at 12:30 pm in-studio.
Bremer and his wife were the founders of the Lincoln/Douglass Scholarship Foundation, aWashington-basednonprofit that provides high school scholarships to inner-city youths.[citation needed]
Bremer was appointed chairman of theNational Commission on Terrorism byHouse SpeakerDennis Hastert in 1999. The report, "Countering The Changing Threat of International Terrorism", was published in June 2000.[9] He also served on theNational Academy of Sciences' Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, which authored a 2002 report called "Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism."[10]
Bremer was appointed by PresidentGeorge W. Bush as presidential envoy to Iraq on May 9, 2003. His appointment declared him subject to the "authority, direction and control" of Secretary of DefenseDonald Rumsfeld.[11]
Bremer arrived in Iraq in May 2003.[12] On May 11 he replaced Lt. GeneralJay Garner as Director of theOffice for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance. In June, the Office was transformed into theCoalition Provisional Authority, and Bremer became the country's chief executive authority.[13][14] As the holder of the "most powerful foreign post held by any American since Gen.Douglas MacArthur inJapan,"[15] he compared himself to MacArthur as well as GeneralLucius Clay, who was in charge of theAmerican zone in Germany following its defeat inWorld War II.[16]
As the top civilian administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority, Bremer was permitted torule by decree. Among his first and most notabledecrees wereCoalition Provisional Authority Order 1, which banned the Ba'ath party in all forms,[17] andCoalition Provisional Authority Order 2, which dismantled the Iraqi Army.[18]
On July 13, 2003, Bremer approved the creation of anIraqi Interim Governing Council with the stated mission of "ensuring that theIraqi people's interests are represented." The council members were chosen by Bremer from among groups and individuals which had supported the American invasion of Iraq. Bremer retained veto power over the council's proposals. The council was authorized to select a limited number of delegates to key Coalition Provisional Authority committees, like theProgram Review Board.
Bremer also empowered the CPA to develop and implement the Iraqi constitution. The constitution became controversial when the first draft submitted by the CPA suggested banning political parties opposed to the U.S. occupation from participating in elections; privatizing much of Iraq's industries and natural resources; and allowing the unelected Iraqi Interim Governing Council to sign a bindingStatus of Forces Agreement between Iraq and the United States. On March 1, 2004, after several hours of negotiations, theIraqi Interim Governing Council resolved the council members' disagreements with clauses in the constitution. A formal signing ceremony was scheduled for March 5, 2004. As the guests waited and the orchestra played, the signing was canceled due to mass demonstrations. Finally, on March 8, 2004, an interim constitution was signed. It was to be revised or replaced by a second constitution after Iraqi elections.
On June 28, 2004, at 10:26 am local time, the U.S.-ledCoalition Provisional Authority formally transferred limited sovereignty of Iraqi territory to theIraqi Interim Government, two days ahead of schedule. Bremer departed from the country on the same day. In his farewell speech, broadcast on Iraqi television, he said, "I leave Iraq gladdened by what has been accomplished and confident that your future is full of hope. A piece of my heart will always remain here in the beautiful land between the two rivers, with its fertile valleys, its majestic mountains and its wonderful people".
Bremer's office was a division of theU.S. Department of Defense, and as administrator he reported directly to theUnited States Secretary of Defense and the President of the United States. His senior adviserDan Senor served as coalition spokesman, working with military spokesmanMark Kimmitt.
Bremer's role as the head of the CPA is notable for being the subject of much criticism. Large sums of money were reported to have gone missing under Bremer's leadership.[19] Bremer's attempts at privatizing much of Iraq's infrastructure and mineral wealth were also highly criticized[20] and the decision, apparently formulated in the office of the Secretary of Defense, to disband the Iraqi Army is widely blamed for fueling the Iraqi insurgency against the American occupation.[21][22]
John Negroponte replaced Bremer as the highest-ranking American civilian in Iraq.
After his return from Iraq, Bremer engaged in a few speaking tours. On December 14, 2004, Bremer was awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedom by President Bush,[23] America's highest civil award for "especially meritorious contributions to the security or national interests of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors." "He was also presented with the Department of Defense award for Distinguished Public Service and theNixon Library[24] honored him with the "Victory of Freedom Award" for "demonstrating leadership and working towards peace and freedom".[25]
Bremer's April 18, 2005, visit toClark University as a guest speaker led to protests against his role in the Iraq War.[26] Dissatisfied with Bremer's speech and answers, several students also voiced disappointment at the university for having paid him $40,000.[27] Another appearance, scheduled for the public library of his hometown,New Canaan, Connecticut, on January 18, 2006, was moved to the private St. Luke's School in the same town for fear for protests. During a February 27, 2006 public appearance atLynchburg College, where his sister-in-law is an assistant dean, Bremer insisted that his decision to disband theIraqi Armed Forces was the correct one.
Among other things, Bremer repeatedly asserted that when he came to Iraq, the Iraqi army had abandoned its barracks, and therefore "there was no army to disband". He also repeatedly defended his decision to expelBa'ath Party members from government posts by comparing Saddam Hussein toAdolf Hitler.[28]
On February 6, 2007, Bremer appeared before a congressional committee investigating fraud and abuse and was questioned about missing funds during his tenure as head of the CPA and a January 2005 audit that found $8.8 billion in unaccounted for funds.[29][30]
In 2006, Bremer published a memoir calledMy Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope,[16] which was described as "an almost day-by-day narrative that sticks to what Bremer was doing and with whom he was interacting, without providing much analysis or introspection."[31]Michiko Kakutani ofThe New York Times characterized it as "an amalgam ofspin and sincerity, is partly an explanation (or rationalization) of actions Mr. Bremer took as America's man in Baghdad, partly an effort to issue some 'I told you so's' to administration colleagues, and partly an attempt to spread (or reassign) responsibility (or blame) by tracing just who in the White House, Pentagon and State Department signed off on or ordered critical decisions made during his tenure".[15]
His media commentary is generally critical of the Obama administration for not devoting more effort to promoting democracy overseas.[32] He is also a consistent advocate for continued U.S. presence in Iraq.[33] On the other hand, while many other conservatives began advocating for a withdrawal from Afghanistan, Bremer endorsed the administration's new strategy in 2010, describing it as "reasonable" and giving Obama "credit for deciding to replicate President Bush's Iraq strategy by sending more troops to the fight in Afghanistan". He has also endorsedSamuel P. Huntington's "clash of civilizations" thesis, stating: "It is a fact of history thatEurope is based onJudeo-Christian values. But Europe seems unwilling, or perhaps afraid, to acknowledge this reality."[34]
After taking art lessons at a school inGlen Echo, Maryland, in 2007, Bremer began doingoil paintings of New England country landscapes, which he sells through his company Bremer Enterprises. What he sells proceeds to the historical societies ofChester andGrafton inVermont, where he moved after his public retirement.[35] He has self-mockingly described his style of painting as "evolving American primitive".[36]
The Bremer Enterprises website also provides links to books by Bremer and his wife Frances Winfield Bremer. In addition to his 2006 memoir,[16] in September 2011 Bremer publishedFrom Sea to Shining Sea: Biking Across America with Wounded Warriors, onAmazon.com'sKindle platform via Bremer Enterprises.[37]
During his time in Afghanistan, he set up the country's firstski run in the mountains outside Kabul.[3] Bremer has worked for several seasons as aski instructor atOkemo Mountain Resort inVermont.[38][39]
He also engages in consulting work and serves on a number of boards.[35] Bremer currently serves on the board of directors of BlastGard International, aFlorida-based company that manufactures materials to mitigate the impact of explosions.[40]
In November 2010, Bremer joined World T.E.A.M. Sports, aHolbrook, New York-based nonprofit, as CEO and President. Bremer also served as a member of the organization's board of directors. He retired from the organization in March 2012 and as of 2015 was listed as a 'Special Advisor'.[41]
Bremer formerly served as a member of the board of directors of theInternational Republican Institute.[42]
He received the America Award of theItaly-USA Foundation in 2013.[43]
Bremer appears in a viralinternet meme, where his phrase "Ladies and gentlemen, we got him" following the capture of Saddam Hussein is used to accompany someone getting 'busted' or exposed, often withBreakbot's "Baby I'm Yours" playing in the background. After his granddaughter informed him of the trend, he was fascinated by it and hoped it would increase people's interest in Iraq's recent events.[44]
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On May 23, 2003, Bremer issued Order Number 2, in effect dissolving the entire former Iraqi army[45] and putting 400,000 former Iraqi soldiers out of work.[46] The move was widely criticized for creating a large pool of armed and disgruntled youths for theinsurgency. Former soldiers took to the streets in mass protests to demand back pay. Many of them threatened violence if their demands were not met.[47][48] Bremer was later heavily criticized for officially disbanding the former Iraqi Army.[49] During Bremer's stay in Iraq,Osama bin Laden allegedly placed a bounty of 10,000 grams of gold on Bremer, the equivalent of US$125,000 at the time.[50]
Despite the messages the CIA reportedly communicated to the Iraqi army and the leaflets that were dropped on Iraqi army units by coalition aircraft that read "leave now and go home"[51] the argument was still ventured that by the time Baghdad fell on April 9, 2003, the previous Army had demobilized, or as Bremer puts it, "had simply dissolved". However, asMark Danner reports in an essay inThe New York Review of Books entitled "Iraq: The War of Imagination" from September 2006, American agents—including one colonel and a number of CIA operatives—had already begun meeting regularly with Iraqi officers in order to reconstitute the army as a working force. Implied in this is the notion that the army, temporarily "demobilized" or not, did in fact continue to exist as a coherent entity, indeed coherent enough that it could be consulted and negotiated with. This seems to concur with the position of the first Director of the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), retired U.S. Army Lieutenant GeneralJay Garner, who Bremer had replaced. AsBob Woodward reports inState of Denial, Garner, upon hearing of the order to disband the army, attempted to convince Bremer to rethink the dissolution. Bremer was reported as saying: "The plans have changed. The thought is we don't want the residuals of the old army. We want a new and fresh army." To this, Garner replied: "Jerry, you can get rid of an army in a day, but it takes years to build one."[52] At one point during the conversation Bremer cut off Garner's protest against the disbanding order by stating "The president told me that de-Baathification comes before the immediate needs of the Iraqi people."[53]
The issue of disbanding the old Iraqi Army found itself, once again, the center of media attention with two articles explaining why Bremer ostensibly did not make the decision on his own. The first press release byThe New York Times included a letter written by Bremer to President Bush dated May 20, 2003, describing the progress made so far since Bremer's arrival in Baghdad, including one sentence that reads "I will parallel this step with an even more robust measure dissolving Saddam's military and intelligence structures to emphasize that we mean business."
The second press release dated September 6, 2007, was submitted by Bremer as aNew York Times op-ed. Titled "How I Didn't Dismantle Iraq's Army", Bremer says he did not make the decision on his own, and that the decision was reviewed by "top civilian and military members of the American government" including the then-USCENTCOM Commander, GeneralJohn Abizaid, who briefed officials in Washington that there were no more "organized Iraqi military units".
Bremer's article goes into further detail about how theCoalition Provisional Authority considered two alternatives: To recall the old army or to rebuild a new army with "both vetted members of the old army and new recruits". According to Bremer, Abizaid preferred the second.
Bremer also details the situation he and the major decision makers faced; especially when the largeShiite majority in the new army could have had problems with the thought of having a formerSunni officer issuing orders.
Furthermore, a memo from U.S. Secretary of DefenseDonald Rumsfeld on May 8, 2003, that said "the coalition 'will actively oppose Saddam Hussein's old enforcers—the Baath Party,Fedayeen Saddam, etc ... 'we will make clear that the coalition will eliminate the remnants of Saddam's regime'" was sent to both National Security AdviserCondoleezza Rice and Secretary of StateColin Powell.[54]
After two protesters were killed by U.S. troops, the CPA agreed to pay up to 250,000 former soldiers a stipend of $50 to $150 a month.Conscripts were given a single severance payment.[55] Many of the former soldiers found this to be grossly inadequate.[56]
Charles H. Ferguson, director of critically acclaimedNo End in Sight, created a video response to Bremer's op-ed on September 6, 2007. (This was the very firstNew York Times video op-ed in history.)
Saddam Hussein's rulingBa'ath Party counted among its members a majority of Iraq's governmental employees, including educational officials and some teachers, though as of 2003 members of the Ba'ath Party had constituted only around 10% of the Iraqi population.[57] By order of the CPA, the top 1% of Iraqi Ba'ath Party members were forbidden from holding government positions, but were still permitted to open businesses and work at newspapers,[57] and allpublic sector employees affiliated with the Ba'ath Party were to be removed from their positions and be banned from any future employment in the public sector.[58][59] When the CPA turned over enforcement of de-Ba'athification to Iraqi politicians, however, these rules were broadly expanded and used to punish political opponents, including nearly 11,000 teachers who were dismissed from the party and removed from government—a phenomenon which Bremer worked with the then-Education Minister to fix.[57] Critics claim these measures helped to create and worsen an atmosphere of discontent among Iraqis and that de-Ba'athification, coupled with the disbandment of the Iraqi military, if not created then at least fueled the insurgency against Coalition Forces.[60][61][62] This policy of "de-Ba'athification" was reversed in January 2008.[63][64]
Bremer was once again warned of the harm his actions would have. According to Woodward, when Garner asserted that none of the ministries would be able to function after this order, Bremer asked the Baghdad station chief for his thoughts. "If you put this out ... you will put 50,000 people on the street, underground, and mad at Americans", he replied. Woodward: "And these 50,000 were the most powerful, well-connected elites from all walks of life".[52]
Bremer was accountable to the Secretary of Defense for the actions he took. But, since his authority to spend Iraq's oil revenue derived fromUnited Nations Resolution 1483, he was also accountable to the United Nations. The authority he derived from the UN to spend Iraq's oil revenue bound him to show that:
One of the concerns the IAMB raised repeatedly was that the CPA had repaired the well-heads and pipelines for transporting Iraq's oil, but they had stalled on repairing the meters that were necessary to document the shipment of Iraqi oil, so it could be demonstrated that none of it was being smuggled.[citation needed]
On June 22, 2004, in a final press release before the CPA's authority expired, the IAMB stated:[65]
The IAMB was also informed by the CPA that contrary to earlier representations the award of metering contracts have been delayed and continues to urge the expeditious resolution of this critical issue.
The CPA has acknowledged that the failure to meter the oil shipments resulted in some oil smuggling—an avoidable loss of Iraq's oil that was Bremer's responsibility. Neither Bremer nor any of his staff has offered an explanation for their failure to repair the meters.[citation needed]
Under Bremer's stewardship the CPA requested $12 billion in cash from theU.S. Treasury. Under Bremer's stewardship the CPA paid out $12 billion in cash. The external auditors management notes[66] point out that the CPA didn't perform a cash reconciliation until April 2004, eleven months into Bremer's mandate, when they started their work. See Congressional hearing when Ambassador Paul Bremer and Stuart Bowen, the special inspector general for Iraq Reconstruction, testified on management of U.S. funds in Iraq.[67]
In his second regulation,[68] Bremer committed theCoalition Provisional Authority to hire a reputable firm of certified chartered accountants, to serve as internal auditors, to help make sure the Coalition's finances were administered according to modern accounting principles. These internal auditors would be separate and distinct from the external auditors who would report to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board. Bremer did not make sure the CPA hired internal auditors, however.
When theexternal auditors arrived, they learned that Bremer had not made sure the CPA lived up to the commitment to hire internal auditors to help set up a reliable accounting system. On the contrary they learned that a single contracted consultant kept track of the CPA's expenditures in a series of spreadsheets.
The external auditors reported that rather than use a moderndouble entry accounting system the CPA used what they described as "a single-entry, cash-based transaction list".
On January 30, 2005, an official report[69] bySpecial Inspector General for Iraq ReconstructionStuart Bowen cited byTime stated that $9 billion for the reconstruction of Iraq might have disappeared in fraud, corruption, and other misbehavior. On one particular salary register, only 602 names among 8,206 could be verified. As another cited example, the Coalition Authority authorized Iraqi officials to postpone declaring the reception of $2.5 billion, which the provisional government had received in spring through theOil for Food program.[70]
Bremer wrote an eight-page reply to deny the accusations and stated that, during the IG's inquiry, Bowen's people refused to interview Bremer's deputies, and the IG's report failed to mention that Bremer and his people worked under extraordinary conditions, faced a high turnover rate, and had insufficient number of personnel to carry out their rebuilding and humanitarian relief efforts.
Bremer's claim that Bowen's staff made no attempt to interview his staff is at odds with the detailed account of the external auditors, of their attempts to meet with Bremer and his staff. In their management notes they describe how some of theCPA's senior staff, including Bremer himself, just would not make themselves available to meet with the auditors. Others, likeGeorge Wolfe, the CPA's de facto treasurer, showed a total lack of cooperation.
This issue also became a topic of discussion during some of Bremer's Q&A sessions with students who attended Bremer's presentations during Bremer's campus speaking tours. Some questioned Bremer if he could have done things differently in Iraq, but were notably disappointed when he avoided the question. Bremer allegedly responded to one such question with, "I will tell you what I told them, I'm saving that for my book ... I need more time to reflect".
On March 28, 2004, Bremer ordered the759th Military Police Battalion to shut down Iraqi newspaperal-Hawza for two months.[71] This move was widely criticized as running directly counter to theBush administration's announced goal of helping transform Iraq into a modern, democratic state. This move was even criticized by members of Bremer's own appointees on the Iraqi Governing Council.
Al-Hawza started after the removal ofSaddam Hussein and was considered a mouthpiece forShi'ite clericMuqtada al-Sadr.[72] It was shut down by the United States-led administration headed by Bremer on March 28, 2004, after being accused of encouraging violence againstCoalition troops. There was discussion withSir Jeremy Greenstock (UK's Special Representative for Iraq), about preparations to arrest al-Sadr, who by early March 2004 had increased his militia following, theMahdi army, from about 200 followers to some 6,000, in seven months. Bremer wrote in his book that "Greenstock said that this would be a difficult time to go after him ... I first urged [his] arrest last August".[73]
Iyad Allawi, leader of the interim government, explicitly gaveal-Hawza permission to re-open on July 18, 2004.
Two days before he left Iraq, Bremer signedCoalition Provisional Authority Order 17, which gave everyone associated with the CPA and the American government immunity from Iraqi law.[74] One of his former top aides is quoted as saying that Bremer "wanted to make sure our military, civilians and contractors were protected from Iraqi law."[75] This stipulation was later incorporated into Iraqi law.[76]
Since then, violent events in Iraq involving American security companies such asBlackwater have triggered great resentment amongIraqi citizens, who view them as private armies acting with impunity.[77][78][79][80]
Bremer's early departure was a complete surprise. But the turnover of political power a couple of days earlier was suggested by members of the Bush administration to thwart any plans the insurgency may have had for June 30.
U.S. intelligence sources had monitored chatter that suggested resistance elements were planning demonstrations, or outright attacks, to coincide with the time of the official handover. An early handover would preempt the plans of resistance elements.[81]
His early departure was disruptive to the smooth transition of authority, as theKPMG audit of the Development Fund for Iraq made clear. In their management notes the external auditors describe trying to meet with Bremer, and being very surprised by his early departure.
Many of Bremer's senior staff left when he did, meaning that important documents required for the completion of the audit could not be signed by the appropriate staff members.
Former Speaker of the HouseNewt Gingrich called Bremer "the largest single disaster inAmerican foreign policy in modern times," stating that he should have been relieved of his duties "no later than" September 2003.[82]
In a poll conducted in Iraq two months before Bremer left the country, thirty one percent of Iraqis surveyed held a favourable view of him while forty two percent held an unfavourable view.[83]
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| Diplomatic posts | ||
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| Preceded by | United States Ambassador to the Netherlands 1983–1986 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Coordinator for Counterterrorism 1986–1989 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded byas Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance of Iraq | Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq 2003–2004 | Succeeded byasActing President of Iraq |
| First Republic of Iraq (1958–1968) |
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| Ba'athist Iraq (1968–2003) |
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| Coalition Provisional Authority (2003–2004) |
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| Republic of Iraq (since 2004) |
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| International | |
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| People | |
| Other | |
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