Paul-Henri Spaak | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Spaak in 1957 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister of Belgium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 20 March 1947 – 11 August 1949 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Leopold III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Regent | Prince Charles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Camille Huysmans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Gaston Eyskens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 13 March 1946 – 31 March 1946 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Leopold III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Regent | Prince Charles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Achille Van Acker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Achille Van Acker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 15 May 1938 – 22 February 1939 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Leopold III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Paul-Emile Janson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Hubert Pierlot | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (1899-01-25)25 January 1899 Schaerbeek, Belgium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 31 July 1972(1972-07-31) (aged 73) Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party | Belgian Workers' Party Belgian Socialist Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relations | Spaak family | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 3, includingAntoinette andFernand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parents |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Free University of Brussels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (French:[pɔlɑ̃ʁiʃaʁlspak]; 25 January 1899 – 31 July 1972) was an influentialBelgian Socialist politician, diplomat and statesman who thrice served as theprime minister of Belgium and later as the secondsecretary general of NATO. Nicknamed "Mr. Europe", he was aleader in the formation of the institutions that evolved into the currentEuropean Union, along withRobert Schuman,Alcide De Gasperi andKonrad Adenauer.
A member of the influentialSpaak family, he served briefly inWorld War I before he was captured, and rose to prominence after the war as a tennis player and lawyer, becoming famous for his high-profile defence ofan Italian student accused of attempting to assassinateItaly's crown prince in 1929. A convinced socialist, Spaak entered politics in 1932 for theBelgian Workers' Party (later theBelgian Socialist Party) and gained his first ministerial portfolio in the government ofPaul Van Zeeland in 1935.
He became the prime minister in 1938 and held the position until 1939. DuringWorld War II, he served as foreign minister in the London-basedBelgian government in exile underHubert Pierlot, where he negotiated the foundation of theBenelux Customs Union with the governments of theNetherlands andLuxembourg. After the war, he twice regained the premiership, first for under a month in March 1946 and again between 1947 and 1949. He held various further Belgian ministerial portfolios until 1966. He was Belgium'sforeign minister for 18 years between 1939 and 1966.
Spaak, a convinced supporter ofmultilateralism, became internationally famous for his support of international cooperation, in which he hoped to include geopolitical enemies of Belgium and NATO such as the Soviet Union and its satellite states.[1] In 1945, he was chosen to chair the first session of theGeneral Assembly of the newUnited Nations. A long-running supporter ofEuropean integration, Spaak had been an early advocate ofcustoms union and had negotiated the Benelux agreement in 1944.
He served as the first President of theConsultative Assembly of theCouncil of Europe between 1949 and 1950 and became the first President of the Common Assembly of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) — which would later become theEuropean Parliament — between 1952 and 1954. In 1955, he was appointed to the so-calledSpaak Committee studying the possibility of acommon market within Europe and played an influential role in preparing the 1957Treaty of Rome which established theEuropean Economic Community (EEC). He received theCharlemagne Prize the same year. Between 1957 and 1961, he served as the secondsecretary general ofNATO, becoming the only secretary general to have previously served as prime minister untilAnders Fogh Rasmussen in 2009.
Retiring from Belgian politics in 1966, Spaak died in 1972. He remains an influential figure in European politics and his name is carried, among other things, bya charitable foundation, roads and structures, includingone of the buildings of the European Parliament, anda method of negotiation.
Paul-Henri Spaak was born on 25 January 1899 inSchaerbeek,Belgium into the prominentSpaak-Janson family.[2] His maternal grandfather,Paul Janson, was an important member of theLiberal Party. His mother,Marie Janson, was a socialist, and the first woman to enter theBelgian Senate, and his father,Paul Spaak, was a poet and playwright. Other noted members of his family included his uncle,Paul-Émile Janson, who served asPrime Minister of Belgium from 1937 to 1938, and his niece,Catherine Spaak, a movie star, singer and television presenter.[3][4]
Paul-Henri Spaak and his wife Marguerite Malevez were married in 1921 and had three children: diplomatFernand Spaak (1923–1981), Marie Marguerite Spaak (1926–2000, later married British diplomatMichael Palliser), andAntoinette Spaak (1928–2020), the first Belgian woman to lead a political party, theDemocratic Front of Francophones. In 1943 Malevez was arrested by theGestapo as a member of aresistance movement and imprisoned for a few weeks inSaint-Gilles Prison in Brussels. After his wife's death on 14 August 1964, he married 56-year-old Antwerp-born divorcee and longtime friend Simonne Rikkers Hottlet Dear (1908-1975) on 23 April 1965. His brother was the screenwriterCharles Spaak. One of his granddaughters is the journalist and novelistIsabelle Spaak, and one of his grandsons is the artistAnthony Palliser.[citation needed]
During the 1940s, during his time in New York with the United Nations, he also had an affair with the American fashion designerPauline Fairfax Potter (1908–1976).[citation needed]
His son Fernand served in 1981 as chief of staff forGaston Thorn,president of the European Commission, until he became the victim of his wife'smurder–suicide on 18 July 1981.[citation needed]
During theGerman invasion of Belgium in 1914, Spaak attempted to join theBelgian Army but was captured and spent the next two years as aprisoner of war in Germany.[citation needed] At the end of the war, Spaak was released from captivity and entered theFree University of Brussels, where he studied law. During the same period, Spaak was also a tennis star, and played for the Belgian team in the 1922Davis Cup.[5]
After receiving his law degree, Spaak practised as a lawyer in Brussels, where he "excelled in defending Communists charged with conspiring against the security of the realm", and others includingFernando de Rosa, an anarchist Italian student who attempted to killCrown Prince Umberto of Italy during a state visit by the prince to Brussels.[3]
He became a member of the SocialistBelgian Labour Party in 1920. He was elected deputy in 1932. In 1935, he entered the cabinet ofPaul Van Zeeland as Minister of Transport. In February 1936 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving first under Van Zeeland and then under his uncle,Paul-Émile Janson. From May 1938 to February 1939 he was Prime Minister for the first time. In 1938, he allowedHerman Van Breda to smuggle the legacy ofEdmund Husserl out ofNazi Germany to Belgium through the Belgian Embassy in Berlin.[citation needed]
In social policy, a number of progressive reforms were realised during Spaak's first premiership. An Act of June 1938 "increased the functions of the National Society for Cheap Houses and Dwellings and empowered it, under State guarantee, to contract a loan of 350 million francs," while a Royal Decree of July 1938 laid down the rules for applying the provisions of a Holidays with Pay Act passed in 1936 to agricultural, horticultural and forestry undertakings. An Act of 20 August 1938 amended and supplemented the 1936 Holidays with Pay Act by extending its coverage to all undertakings, whatever their number of wage earners, as well as to home workers. The Act also removed a previous requirement in which a wage earner had to work for at least a year with the same employer in order to earn an annual holiday. The old-age, invalidity, and survivors' insurance program for miners was modified by an act passed on 8 July 1938, which increased the benefits available to invalids, the elderly, and widows who already received pensions while also significantly expanding the requirements for the granting of invalidity pensions.[citation needed]
An Order of 25 August 1938 prohibited the use of so-called motor spirit "for greasing, cleaning (hands) etc.," while a Royal Order of 27 August 1938 fixed normal weekly hours of actual work in the ship-repairing industry in Antwerp at 42 hours "distributed over the seven days of the week."[citation needed]
A Royal Order of 27 December 1938 extended the scope of an eight-hour Act passed in June 1921 to cover technical staff employed in cinemas, and a Royal Order of 22 December 1938 amended the entries in the second column of the schedule (list of occupations) which was now brought into conformity with Convention No. 42, and added "in the case ofpneumoconiosis, sand-blasting processes in iron and steel foundries.[6]
When he wasMinister of Foreign Affairs from 1936 to 1940, Spaak adhered to the political independence of Belgium and carried on the long-standing Belgian policy ofneutrality, with no formal military cooperation withFrance or theUnited Kingdom and no open hostility to the Germans. On 10 May 1940, Germany invadedBelgium,Luxembourg,the Netherlands andFrance. In disarray and with almost all of the country occupied, theBelgian Army — by the command of KingLeopold III — surrendered on May 18, leading to a constitutional conflict with part of the government (including Spaak), which wanted to continue military operations together with France. The rump of the Belgian government regrouped inLimoges andBordeaux and stayed close to the French, whosurrendered on 22 June.[citation needed]
Again conflict arose in the Belgian government between those who wanted to stay in France (and maybe return to Belgium) — among these Spaak and Belgian Prime MinisterHubert Pierlot — and others who wanted to leave for London and to continue the war effort further. MinisterMarcel-Henri Jaspar — done with the quarrelling — left on June 24 forLondon and tried to form a new government and obtain recognition from the British. For this, he was thrown out of the government at once by Pierlot and Spaak.[citation needed]
After the repeal of diplomatic status by the French, Spaak finally went to Britain. Travelling in difficult circumstances with Pierlot throughSpain andPortugal, partially even in the false bottom of a truck, they arrived in London in October 1940.[7]
After the war, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs under the subsequent ministersAchille Van Acker andCamille Huysmans. He was twice appointed Prime Minister as well, first from 13 to 31 March 1946, the shortest government in Belgian history, and again from March 1947 to August 1949. During his last government, two important pieces of housing legislation were enacted. The De Taeye Act of 1948[8] organised fiscal rebates, credit facilities, and premiums for social dwellings built either on private or public initiative, while the Brunfaut Act of 1949 established a central budgeting organisation for governmental social housing policy, shifted the financial burden of infrastructural works to the state, and organised the financing of the two National Housing Societies.[9] Under a law of 16th of June 1947 holiday duration was tripled for under 18 year olds, and doubled for those between the ages of 18 and 21.[10] Holiday pay was also doubled for the first week by the law of August the 10th 1947.[10]
A bill on war damage, agreed upon in October 1947, stipulated that owners of homes damaged by the war and took the initiative to restore them were entitled to compensation.[11] In 1948, voting rights for women were introduced.[12] An Act providing for the establishment of works councils was promulgated in September 1948,[13] while a school building fund was set up that same year "to supply the material needs of secondary education."[14] Also in 1948, the multilateral school was introduced.[15]
Various measures were also introduced to improve working conditions in mines. From June 1947 onward, all young workers under the age of 18 became entitled to three weeks' annual paid leave, while workers between the ages of 18 and 21 became entitled to at least a fortnight.[16] A decree of September 1947 introduced the compulsory establishment of mine safety services and safety and health committees in all mines, while another Decree issued that same month revised and expanded the provisions related to hygiene installations, medical examination, rescue, and first aid.[17] An Order of the regent regulating the use of explosives in undertakings other than mines and underground quarries dated 31 March 1949 “ deals with the loading, priming, tamping, firing and signalling of shots and policing of the area; certain special types of shotfiring such as firing in a confined space or underwater; incomplete explosions and misfires; liquid air or liquid oxygen explosives and the use of detonating fuses; supervision of the use of explosives; the reporting of accidents and incidents.”[18]
Automatic indexation of 95% of wages was provided from 1948 onwards,[19] while women were provided with access to the magistracy from 1948 onwards.[20] In December 1948, an Act was passed that replaced the National Society for War Orphans with the National Society for Orphans, Widows and Ascendants of War Victims.[21] In June 1948, legislation was introduced that doubled holiday remuneration for workers, and in August 1948 a law was passed that introduced nonconfessional moral instruction in secondary education.[22] Company and sector-based joint committees were alsoestablished by a social law, with work councils in big companies needing to be consulted whenever economic issues with a social impact were tackled.[23]
He was again foreign minister from April 1954 to June 1958 in the cabinet ofAchille Van Acker and from April 1961 to March 1966 in the cabinets ofThéo Lefèvre andPierre Harmel. Although his political base was in the Socialist Party, he disagreed with its policies on several critical points, includingAtlanticism, recognition ofFranco's Spain, and thelanguage issue inside Belgium.[24] During Spaak's final term as Belgium's Foreign Minister, he presided over Belgium granting independence toBurundi following theassassination of Prince Louis Rwagasore, the country's first elected prime minister. Despite allegations of Belgian involvement in Rwagasore's murder, Spaak appealed to Belgian KingBaudouin not to grant Rwagasore's convicted murderer a pardon.[25]
Spaak gained international prominence in 1945 when he was elected chairman of the first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. During the third session of theUN General Assembly in 1948 in Paris, Spaak apostrophized the delegation of the Soviet Union with the famous words: "peur de vous" (fear of you).[26][27]
Spaak became a staunch supporter of regional cooperation and collective security after 1944. While still in exile in London, he promoted the creation of a customs union uniting Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (seeBenelux). In 1948 he helped organize a Congress that met in The Hague and pressed hard for the creation of theCouncil of Europe. In August 1949, at its first session, he was elected President of the Council of Europe's Consultative Assembly, where he helped develop a network of intergovernmental contacts in many fields, and did his best to encourage further steps towards a political body to unite Europe. However, after three years of patient cajoling at the Council of Europe, Spaak came to understand that the organization was not ready to move towards the united Europe that he dreamed of, and in December 1951 - after the Assembly rejected a proposal to set up a European "political authority" - he resigned, declaring his great regret at this missedopportunity. But he continued to press for European integration as head of theEuropean Movement, and it was not long before he returned to the fray, in a new and more promising forum: from 1952 to 1953, he presided over theCommon Assembly of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community, the body which was eventually to grow into the European Union.[28]
But, as Spaak had shrewdly foreseen, tying the coal and steel industries of France and Germany together - at that time the two industries necessary to make war - was just the first step. His next goal was to expand the concept far beyond these two industries into a much wider economic body, which could in turn form the embryo of a political union. In 1955, theMessina Conference of European leaders appointed him as chairman of a preparatory committee (Spaak Committee) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market. The so-called "Spaak Report[29] " formed the cornerstone of theIntergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom atVal Duchesse in 1956 and led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of theTreaties of Rome establishing aEuropean Economic Community and theEuropean Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Paul-Henri Spaak signed the treaty for Belgium, together withJean Charles Snoy et d'Oppuers. It was a crowning achievement of decades of patient work, and his role in the creation of the EEC earned Spaak a place among thefounding fathers of the European Union.
In 1956, he was chosen by the Council ofNATO to succeedLord Ismay as secretary general. He held this office from 1957 until 1961, when he was succeeded byDirk Stikker. He feuded constantly with French president Charles de Gaulle. He publicly attacked de Gaulle, blaming him for unjustly and unwisely blocking NATO's progress and stalling efforts toward European and Atlantic integration. De Gaulle was uncompromising on issues related to national sovereignty, mistrusted the United States and considered Britain to be an American puppet; he insisted on developing French nuclear capabilities. Although Spaak used every diplomatic method at his disposal, his opinion mattered little to the main players in NATO.[30] When, in 1962, France, under de Gaulle, attempted to block both British entry to the European Communities and undermine theirsupranational foundation with theFouchet Plan, Spaak working withJoseph Luns of the Netherlands rebuffed the idea. He was a staunch defender of the independence of the European Commission. "Europe of tomorrow must be a supranational Europe," he declared. In honour of his work for Europe, the first building of theEuropean Parliament in Brussels was named after him. When France withdrew from an active role in NATO in 1966, he was instrumental in the selection of Brussels as the new headquarters.
On 21 February 1961, Spaak was presented with theMedal of Freedom by US PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.[31][32]
Paul-Henri Spaak retired from politics in 1966. He was member of theRoyal Belgian Academy of French Language and Literature. In 1969, he published his memoirs in two volumes titledCombats inachevés ("The Continuing Battle", literally, "unfinished fights").
Spaak died aged 73, ofkidney failure on 31 July 1972,[33] in his home inBraine-l'Alleud nearBrussels, and was buried inBraine-l'Alleud.
Paul-Henri Spaak, nicknamed "Mr. Europe", was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coins: the Belgian3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the namesRobert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak andKonrad Adenauer, the three unifiers of Europe.
In the election forDe Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian) Spaak ended on the 40th place in the Flemish version and on the 11th place in the Walloon version.
There is a street named after Paul-Henri Spaak in Maastricht's Randwyck neighborhood.
Belgium: Minister of state, by Royal Decree[34]Belgium: Member of the Royal Academy[34]Belgium: Grand Cordon in theOrder of Leopold[34]Belgium: Knight Grand Cross in theOrder of the Crown[34]
Holy See:Order of Pope Pius IX
France:Legion of Honour
Germany:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1956)
Italy: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of the Italian Republic (5 May 1956)[35]
United Kingdom: Honorary Member of theOrder of the Companions of Honour (14 May 1963)United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of St Michael and St George (1937)[36]
Netherlands:Order of the Netherlands Lion
Portugal: Grand Cross of theOrder of Christ (10 August 1955)[37]
Czechoslovakia: Grand Cross of theOrder of the White Lion (1947)
Sweden:Order of Vasa
Denmark:Order of the Dannebrog
Norway:Order of St. Olav
Iceland: Grand Cross of theOrder of the Falcon (21 August 1963)[38]
Luxembourg:Order of the Oak Crown
Greece:Order of George I
Kingdom of Yugoslavia:Order of the Yugoslav Crown
Lebanon:National Order of the Cedar
Venezuela:Order of the Liberator
Iran:Order of the Crown
Japan:Order of the Rising Sun
Thailand:Order of the White Elephant
Central African Republic:Grand Officer of theOrder of Merit
Zaire:National Order of the Leopard
Lithuania:Order of Vytautas the Great
Tunisia:Order of the Republic
Brazil:Grand Cross of theOrder of the Southern Cross
Finland:Order of the White Rose of Finland
Colombia:Order of San Carlos
Cuba:Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
Ivory Coast:National Order of the Ivory Coast
Media related toPaul-Henri Spaak at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related toPaul-Henri Spaak at Wikiquote
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Belgium 1938–1939 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Belgium 1946 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Belgium 1947–1949 | Succeeded by |
| Positions in intergovernmental organisations | ||
| New office | President of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community 1952–1954 | Succeeded by |
| New office | President of the United Nations General Assembly 1946–1947 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of theParliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1949–1951 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1957–1961 | Succeeded by |
| 1940s | |
|---|---|
| 1950s | |
| 1960s | |
| 1970s |
|
| 1980s | |
| 1990s | |
| 2000s | |
| 2010s | |
| 2020s | |
| Common Assembly: 1952–1958 | |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary Assembly: 1958–1962 | |
| European Parliament (appointed): 1962–1979 | |
| European Parliament (elected): 1979–present | |
