Patricia Hearst | |
|---|---|
 Hearst in 1994 | |
| Born | Patricia Campbell Hearst (1954-02-20)February 20, 1954 (age 71) San Francisco,California, U.S. |
| Education | Menlo College University of California, Berkeley |
| Known for | Being kidnapped and indoctrinated by theSymbionese Liberation Army |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2; includingLydia Hearst |
| Father | Randolph Apperson Hearst |
| Relatives | Hearst family |
Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954) is an American actress and member of theHearst family. She is the granddaughter of American publishing magnateWilliam Randolph Hearst.
She first became known for the events following her 1974kidnapping by theSymbionese Liberation Army. She was found and arrested 19 months after being abducted, by which time she was a fugitive wanted for serious crimes committed with members of the group. She was held in custody, and there was speculation before trial that her family's resources would enable her to avoid time in prison.
At her trial, the prosecution suggested that Hearst had joined the Symbionese Liberation Army of her own volition. However, she testified that she had been raped and threatened with death while held captive. In 1976, she was convicted for the crime of bank robbery and sentenced to 35 years in prison, later reduced to seven years. Her sentence was commuted by PresidentJimmy Carter, and she was later pardoned by PresidentBill Clinton.
In the 1990s, she began acting in films and television after being approached by film directorJohn Waters.[1]
Hearst, who prefers to be called Patricia rather than Patty,[2] was born on February 20, 1954, inSan Francisco, California,[3][4] the third of five daughters ofRandolph Apperson Hearst and Catherine Wood Campbell. She was raised primarily inHillsborough and attended the privateCrystal Springs School for Girls there,Sacred Heart inAtherton, and theSanta Catalina School inMonterey.[5] She attendedMenlo College inAtherton, California[6] before transferring to theUniversity of California, Berkeley.
Hearst's grandfatherWilliam Randolph Hearst created the largest newspaper, magazine, newsreel and film business in the world. Her great-grandmother was philanthropistPhoebe Hearst. The family wielded immense political influence and had opposed organized labor, gold mine workers' interests, andcommunism since beforeWorld War II.[7] Hearst's father was among a number of heirs to the family fortune and did not control the Hearst interests. Her parents had not considered it necessary to take preventive measures to ensure their children's personal security. At the time of her abduction, Hearst was asophomore at Berkeley studying art history. She lived with her fiancé Steven Weed in an apartment in Berkeley.[2]
On February 4, 1974, 19-year-old Hearst was kidnapped from her Berkeley apartment. A smallurban guerrilla left-wing group called theSymbionese Liberation Army (SLA) claimed responsibility for the abduction and demanded the release of recently arrested SLA membersJoe Remiro and Russ Little.[8]
After the state refused to free the men, the SLA demanded that Hearst's family distribute $70 worth of food to every needy Californian, an operation that would cost an estimated $400 million. In response, Hearst's father obtained a loan and arranged the immediate donation of $2 million worth of food to the poor of theBay Area for one year in a project called People in Need. After the distribution descended into chaos, the SLA refused to release Hearst.[9]
According to Hearst's testimony at her 1976 trial, she was held for a week in a closet, blindfolded and with her hands tied. During this time, SLA founder Cinque (Donald DeFreeze) repeatedly threatened her with death.[10] She was allowed to leave the closet for meals, still blindfolded, and began to participate in the group's political discussions. She was given a flashlight for reading and SLA political tracts to memorize. Hearst was confined in the closet for weeks. She said, "DeFreeze told me that the war council had decided or was thinking about killing me or me staying with them, and that I better start thinking about that as a possibility. ... I accommodated my thoughts to coincide with theirs."[10] In an April 1974 account, Hearst claimed that she had been offered the choice of being released or joining the SLA.[11]
When asked for her decision, Hearst elected to remain and fight with the SLA. The blindfold was removed, allowing her to see her captors for the first time. After this, she was given daily lessons on her duties, especially weapon drills.Angela Atwood told Hearst that the others wanted Hearst to share in the sexual freedom within the unit. Hearst later claimed to have been raped byWilliam "Willie" Wolfe and DeFreeze.[10][12][13][14]
On April 3, 1974, two months after she had been abducted, Hearst announced on an audiotape released to the media that she had joined the SLA and adopted the name Tania,[15] a tribute toChe Guevara's comradeTamara Bunke.[16][17]
On April 15, 1974, Hearst was recorded on surveillance video wielding anM1 carbine while robbing theSunset District branch of the Hibernia Bank at 1450 Noriega Street in San Francisco.[8] Hearst, identified under her pseudonym of "Tania", yelled, "I'm Tania. Up, up, up against the wall, motherfuckers!"[19][20][21][22] Two men entered the bank while the robbery was occurring and were shot and wounded by the SLA.[20][21][22] According to testimony at her trial, a witness thought that Hearst had been several paces behind the others when running to the getaway car.[20][21][22]
Attorney GeneralWilliam B. Saxbe said that Hearst was a "common criminal" and "not a reluctant participant" in the bank robbery.James L. Browning Jr. said that her participation in the robbery may have been voluntary, contrasting with an earlier comment in which he said that she might have been coerced into taking part. The FBI agent heading the investigation said that SLA members were photographed pointing guns at Hearst during the robbery.[23] A grand jury indicted her in June 1974 for the robbery.[24][25]
On May 16, 1974, the manager at Mel's Sporting Goods inInglewood, California, observed a minor theft byWilliam Harris, who had been shopping with his wifeEmily while Hearst waited across the road in a van. The manager and an employee followed Harris out and confronted him. There was a scuffle and the manager restrained Harris, when a pistol fell out of Harris's waistband.[26][27] Hearst discharged the entire magazine of an automatic carbine into the overhead storefront, causing the manager to dive behind a lightpost.[28][29] He tried to shoot back, but Hearst began aiming closer.[27][30][31]
Hearst and the Harris couple hijacked two cars and abducted the owners. One was a young man who found Hearst so personable that he was reluctant to report the incident. He testified at the trial to her discussing the effectiveness of cyanide-tipped bullets and repeatedly asking if he was okay.[32]The six SLA members inside the hideout died. There was an hourslong gunfight with police, and two members were fatally shot; a fire broke out in the house, in which the remainder died, but DeFreeze first killed himself by gunshot. It was initially thought that Hearst had also died during this confrontation.[33] Warrants were issued for the arrest of Hearst and the Harrises for severalfelonies, including two counts of kidnapping.[14]
Emily Harris went to a Berkeley rally to commemorate the deaths ofAngela Atwood, Soltysik, DeFreeze, and other founding members of the SLA who had died in Los Angeles during the police siege. Harris recognized Atwood's acquaintanceKathy Soliah among the radicals whom she had known from civil rights groups. Soliah introduced the three fugitives toJack Scott, an athletics reformer and radical, and he agreed to provide them help and money.[34]
Hearst helped makeimprovised explosive devices. These were used in two unsuccessful attempts to kill police officers during August 1975; one of the devices failed to detonate.[35][36]
Marked money found in the apartment when she was arrested linked Hearst to the SLA armed robbery ofCrocker National Bank inCarmichael, California; she was the getaway car driver for the robbery. Myrna Opsahl, a mother of four who was at the bank making a deposit, was shot dead by a maskedEmily Harris. Hearst was potentially at risk for felony murder charges and could testify as a witness against Harris for a capital offense.[37][38]
On September 18, 1975, Hearst was arrested in a San Francisco apartment withWendy Yoshimura, another SLA member, bySan Francisco Police Inspector Timothy F. Casey and his partner, Police Officer Laurence R. Pasero, andFBI Special Agent Thomas J. Padden and his partners, FBI agents Jason Moulton, Frank Doyle, Jr., Larry Lawler, Monte Hall, Dick Vitamonte, Leo Brenneissen, and Ray Campos.[8][39][40] While being booked into jail, Hearst listed her occupation as "Urban Guerilla". She asked her attorney to relay the following message: "Tell everybody that I'm smiling, that I feel free and strong and I send my greetings and love to all the sisters and brothers out there."[41][42]
At the time of her arrest, Hearst's weight had dropped to 87 pounds (40 kg), and she was described by psychologistMargaret Singer in October 1975 as "a low-IQ, low-affect zombie".[43] Shortly after her arrest, doctors recorded signs of trauma: her IQ was measured as 112, whereas it had previously been 130; there were huge gaps in her memory regarding her pre-Tania life; she was smoking heavily and had nightmares.[44] Without a mental illness or defect, a person is considered to be fully responsible for any criminal action not done under duress, which is defined as a clear and present threat of death or serious injury.[45][46] For Hearst to secure an acquittal on the grounds of having beenbrainwashed would have been completely unprecedented.[47][48]
PsychiatristLouis Jolyon West, a professor atUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), was appointed by the court in his capacity as a brainwashing expert and worked without a fee. After the trial, he wrote a newspaper article askingPresident Carter to release Hearst from prison.[49]
Hearst wrote in her memoir,Every Secret Thing (1982), "I spent fifteen hours going over my SLA experiences withRobert Jay Lifton of Yale University. Lifton, author of several books on coercive persuasion and thought reform, [...] pronounced me a 'classic case' which met all the psychological criteria of a coercedprisoner of war. [...] If I had reacted differently, that would have been suspect, he said."[50]
After some weeks in custody, Hearst repudiated her SLA allegiance.[13][51] Her first lawyer,Terence Hallinan, had advised Hearst not to talk to anyone, including psychiatrists. He advocated a defense of involuntary intoxication: that the SLA had given her drugs that affected her judgment and recollection.[14][47][52][43]
He was replaced by attorneyF. Lee Bailey, who asserted a defense of coercion or duress affecting intent at the time of the offense.[53] This was similar to thebrainwashing defense which Hallinan had warned was not a defense in law. Hearst gave long interviews to various psychiatrists.[45]
Hearst alone was arraigned for theHibernia Bank robbery; the trial commenced on January 15, 1976. JudgeOliver Jesse Carter ruled that Hearst's taped and written statements after the bank robbery, while she was a fugitive with the SLA members, were voluntary. He did not allow expert testimony that stylistic analysis indicated the "Tania" statements and writing were not wholly composed by Hearst. He permitted the prosecution to introduce statements and actions Hearst made long after the Hibernia robbery, as evidence of her state of mind at the time of the robbery. Judge Carter also allowed into evidence a recording made by jail authorities of a friend's jail visit with Hearst, in which Hearst used profanities and spoke of her radical and feminist beliefs, but he did not allow tapes of psychiatristLouis Jolyon West's interviews of Hearst to be heard by the jury. Judge Carter was described as "resting his eyes" during testimony favorable to the defense by West and others.[45][54]
According to Hearst's testimony, her captors had demanded she appear enthusiastic during the robbery and warned she would pay with her life for any mistake.[55] Her defense lawyerF. Lee Bailey provided photographs showing that SLA members, includingCamilla Hall, had pointed guns at Hearst during the robbery.[55] In reference to the shooting at Mel's Sporting Goods Store and her decision to not escape, Hearst testified that she was instructed throughout her captivity on what to do in an emergency. She said one class in particular had a situation similar to the store manager's detention of the Harrises. Hearst testified that "when it happened I didn't even think. I just did it, and if I had not done it and if they had been able to get away they would have killed me."[10]
Testifying for the prosecution, Dr.Harry Kozol said Hearst had been "a rebel in search of a cause", and her participation in the Hibernia robbery had been "an act of free will."[56][57] ProsecutorJames L. Browning Jr. asked the other psychiatrist testifying for the prosecution, Dr. Joel Fort, if Hearst was in fear of death or great bodily injury during the robbery, to which he answered, "No". Bailey angrily objected.[58] Fort assessed Hearst as amoral, and said she had voluntarily had sex with Wolfe and DeFreeze, which Hearst denied both in court and outside.[45][59][60] Prosecutor Browning tried to show that writings by Hearst indicated her testimony had misrepresented her interactions with Wolfe. She said she had been writing the SLA version of events, and had been punched in the face by William Harris when she refused to be more effusive about what she regarded as sexual abuse by Wolfe. Judge Carter allowed testimony from the prosecution psychiatrists about Hearst's early sexual experiences, although these had occurred years before her kidnapping and the bank robbery.[52][61]
In court, Hearst made a poor impression and appeared lethargic. AnAssociated Press report attributed this state to drugs she was given by jail doctors.[52] Bailey was strongly criticized for his decision to put Hearst on the stand, then having her repeatedly decline to answer questions. According toAlan Dershowitz, Bailey was wrong-footed by the judge, who had appeared to indicate she would haveFifth Amendment privilege: the jury would not be present for some of her testimony, or would be instructed not to draw inferences, on matters subsequent to the Hibernian Bank charges for which she was being tried, but he changed his mind.[45][62][63]
After a few months, Hearst provided information to the authorities, not under oath (sworn testimony could have been used to convict her) of SLA activities. A bomb exploded atHearst Castle in February 1976.[64] After Hearst testified that Wolfe had raped her,Emily Harris gave a magazine interview from jail alleging that Hearst's keeping a trinket given to her by Wolfe was an indication that she had been in a romantic relationship with him. Hearst said she had kept the stone carving because she thought it was aPre-Columbian artifact of archeological significance. The prosecutor James L. Browning Jr. used Harris's interpretation of the item. Some jurors later said they regarded the carving, which Browning waved in front of them, as powerful evidence that Hearst was lying.[52][65]
In his closing argument, prosecutor Browning suggested that Hearst had taken part in the bank robbery without coercion.[66] Browning, who later became a judge, also suggested to the jury that as the female SLA members were feminists, they would not have allowed Hearst to be raped.[45][66]
In her autobiography, Hearst expressed disappointment with what she saw as Bailey's lack of focus in the crucial end stage of her trial. She described him as having the appearance of someone with a hangover, and spilling water down the front of his pants while making a "disjointed" closing argument.[67] Bailey's final statement to the court was, "But simple application of the rules, I think, will yield one decent result, and, that is, there is not anything close to proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Patty Hearst wanted to be a bank robber. What you know, and you know in your hearts to be true is beyond dispute. There was talk about her dying, and she wanted to survive."[59]
On March 20, 1976, Hearst was convicted of bank robbery and using a firearm during the commission of a felony. She was given the maximum sentence possible of 35 years' imprisonment, pending a reduction at final sentence hearing, which Carter declined to specify.[68]
Because Judge Carter had died, JudgeWilliam H. Orrick Jr. determined Hearst's sentence. He gave her seven years' imprisonment, commenting that "rebellious young people who, for whatever reason become revolutionaries, and voluntarily commit criminal acts will be punished".[69]
Hearst was imprisoned at theFederal Correctional Institution, Dublin (California).[70] She suffered acollapsed lung in prison, the beginning of a series of medical problems, and she underwent emergency surgery. This prevented her from appearing to testify against the Harrises on 11 charges, including robbery, kidnapping, and assault; she was also arraigned for those charges.[71] She was held in solitary confinement for security reasons; she was granted bail for an appeal hearing in November 1976 on the condition that she was protected on bond. Her father hired dozens of bodyguards.[72]
Superior Court judge Talbot Callister gave her probation on the sporting goods store charge when she pleaded no contest, saying that he believed that she had been subject to coercion amounting to torture.[69] California Attorney GeneralEvelle J. Younger said that, if there was a double standard for the wealthy, it was the opposite of what was generally believed and that Hearst had received a stiffer sentence than a person of lesser means might have. He said that she had no legal brainwashing defense, but pointed out that the events had started with her being kidnapped.[73]
Hearst's bail was revoked in May 1978 when appeals failed, and the Supreme Court declined to hear her case.[68][69] The prison took no special security measures for her safety until she found a dead rat on her bunk on the day when William and Emily Harris were arraigned for her abduction. The Harrises were convicted on a simple kidnapping charge, as opposed to the more serious kidnapping for ransom or kidnapping with bodily injury, and they were released after serving a total of eight years each.[47]
RepresentativeLeo Ryan was collecting signatures on a petition for Hearst's release several weeks before he was murdered while visiting theJonestown settlement inGuyana.[74] ActorJohn Wayne spoke after the Jonestown cult deaths, stating that people had accepted thatJim Jones had brainwashed 900 individuals into mass suicide but would not accept that the Symbionese Liberation Army could have brainwashed a kidnapped teenage girl.[68][75]
PresidentJimmy Carter commuted Hearst's federal sentence to the 22 months served, freeing her eight months before she was eligible for her first parole hearing. Her release (on February 1, 1979) was under stringent conditions, and she remained on probation for the state sentence on the sporting goods store plea.[76] She recovered full civil rights when PresidentBill Clinton granted her a pardon on January 20, 2001, his last day in office.[52][68][77][78]
Two months after her release from prison, Hearst married Bernard Lee Shaw (1945–2013),[79] a policeman who was part of her security detail during her time on bail. They had two children, Gillian andLydia Hearst-Shaw. Hearst became involved in a foundation helping children withAIDS, and was active in other charities and fund-raising activities.[80]
Hearst published the memoirEvery Secret Thing, co-written with Alvin Moscow, in 1981. Her accounts resulted in authorities considering bringing new charges against her.[81] She was interviewed in 2009 onNBC and said that the prosecutor had suggested that she had been in a consensual relationship with Wolfe. She described that as "outrageous" and an insult to rape victims.[82]
Hearst produced a special for theTravel Channel titledSecrets of San Simeon with Patricia Hearst, in which she took viewers inside her grandfather's mansionHearst Castle, providing unprecedented access to the property.[83] She collaborated with Cordelia Frances Biddle on writing the novelMurder at San Simeon (Scribner, 1996), based upon the death ofThomas H. Ince on her grandfather's yacht.[80]
She has appeared in feature films for directorJohn Waters, who cast her inCry-Baby (1990),Serial Mom (1994),Pecker (1998),Cecil B. DeMented (2000) andA Dirty Shame (2004). Hearst also made a cameo inPauly Shore's filmBio-Dome (1996) and had a small role in the 2004 filmSecond Best. She was also a producer on the filmPottersville and made an appearance in the 2000 documentary,Pie in the Sky: TheBrigid Berlin Story.
Her television acting roles include episodes ofThe Adventures of Pete & Pete,Boston Common,Son of the Beach andTripping the Rift. She was also a guest caller on the TV seriesFrasier on season 1 episode 23 "Frasier Crane's Day Off" (1994), as Janice. She also appeared in the episode "Lord of the Pi's" in season 3 ofVeronica Mars. The character was the heiress of a fictionalized Hearst family, loosely based on aspects of her life.
Hearst has participated with her dogs in dog shows,[84] and herShih Tzu Rocket won the "Toy" group at theWestminster Kennel Club Dog Show atMadison Square Garden on February 16, 2015.[85] At the 2017 show, Hearst'sFrench bulldog Tuggy won Best of Breed, and Rubi won Best of Opposite Sex.[86]
Hearst's defence lawyer Bailey claimed that the 19-year-old had been brainwashed and was suffering from "Stockholm Syndrome" – a term that had been recently coined to explain the apparently irrational feelings of some captives for their captors.
"Secrets of San Simeon" tackles this issue head-on, in a ... Patricia Hearst was also encouraged to make the TV special because...
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