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Patrona Halil (Albanian:Halil Patrona;Turkish:Patrona Halil;c. 1690 inHrupishta – November 25, 1730 inIstanbul) was the instigator of a mob uprising in 1730 which replacedSultanAhmed III withMahmud I and ended theTulip Period.[1][2]
Halil was born to anAlbanian family inHrupishta, a village in the thenBitola vilayet. He became aJanissary and after joining a Janissary rebellion inNiš and leading one in 1720 inVidin, he moved tothe capital.[clarification needed] He was known to have engaged in petty trade and crafts like working as ahammam attendant.[2] Halil was also a formersailor. He spent much of his time atmeyhanes ofGalata. Halil was known as Horpeşteli Arnavut Halil after his place of birth and ethnicity but his Albanian compatriots called himPatrona (Vice Admiral).
His followers were 12,000 janissaries, mostly Albanians. For weeks after the revolt, the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Patrona Halil rode with the new sultan to theMosque of Eyub where the ceremony of girding Mahmud I with theSword of Osman was performed; many of the chief officers were deposed and successors to them appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries and who appeared before the sultan bare-legged and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Patrona and had lent him money during the three days of the insurrection. Patrona showed his gratitude by compelling the Divan to make YanakiHospodar ofMoldavia. Yanaki however never took charge of this office.
TheKhan of Crimea assisted theGrand Vizier, theMufti and theAga of the Janissaries in putting down the rebellion. Patrona was killed in the sultan's presence after aDivan in which he had commanded that war be declared against Russia. His Greek friend, Yanaki, and 7,000 of those who had supported him were also put to death. The jealousy which the officers of the Janissaries felt towards Patrona, and their readiness to aid in his destruction, facilitated the exertions of Mahmud I's supporters in putting an end to the rebellion.
The aftermath of the rebellion led to fears of security and crime, this led to stronger state policies to regulate life in Istanbul.[2]
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