Apatrial name orgeographical surname is a surname or secondcognomen given to person deriving from atoponym, the name for a geographical place. It was particularly common in ancient Greece and Rome.[1]The lack of a familysurname and use of a geographical cognomen as a surname may the sign of a lower class, such as courtesans when signing a contract.[2] With medieval writers, Christian, Jewish and Muslim, whose works circulated around many countries, geographical cognomens sometimes served to distinguish better than "son of," "ben" or "ibn."
Roman Military commanders often took a second cognomen, anagnomen, recalling a victorious campaign: Africanus, Asiaticus, Macedonicus, Numantinus. These may be inherited as in the case ofAugustus who inherited the cognomen Thurinus.
Examples in formation of patrial names include:
1. definite article and noun - using ademonym (also calledgentile name orgentilic, from Latinnomen gentile orgentilicium)
2. unclear: indefinite noun / adjectival forms
3. adjectives - a common Latin method for making atoponymic adjective is to add -[i]ensis
4. genitive "of" constructions
In examples 1 through 3, where the noun or adjective has casedeclension the partial name will typically decline in accordance with normal noun or adjective rules. For example, inGiraldi Cambrensis opera - "the works of [genitive] Gerald of Wales" -Giraldus declines toGiraldi (the genitive form of Gerald) andcambrensis (nominative adjective) declines tocambrensis (genitive adjective, but the same as nominative in this example). The declension is normally not followed when citing Latin patrial names in English, "of Giraldus Cambrensis," but may cause confusion when trying to identify the nominative spellings of patrial names from Latin or Greek sources.
Modern era examples in Europe are generally limited to nicknames, or deliberate choices of a birthplace as a penname or stagename or change of name by deed poll: