 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Pat Sullivan" film producer – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Pat Sullivan | |
|---|---|
 From a 1920 magazine | |
| Born | Patrick Peter Sullivan (1885-02-22)22 February 1885 Paddington, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 15 February 1933(1933-02-15) (aged 47) New York City, United States |
| Occupations |
|
| Notable work | Felix the Cat |
| Spouse | [1] |
| Relatives | William O. Sullivan (brother)[2][3] Pat Sullivan Jr. (nephew)[3] |
Patrick Peter Sullivan (22 February 1885[4] – 15 February 1933)[5] was an Australian-American cartoonist, pioneer animator andfilm producer, best known for producing the firstFelix the Catsilent cartoons.
Sullivan was born inPaddington, New South Wales, the second son of Patrick Sullivan, an immigrant from Ireland and his Sydney-born wife Margaret, née Hayes.[4]
Around 1909, Sullivan left Australia and spent a few months inLondon, England, before moving to the United States around 1910. He worked as assistant to newspaper cartoonist William Marriner and drew five strips of his own. When Marriner died in 1914, Sullivan joined the new animated cartoon studio set up byRaoul Barré. In 1915, Sullivan was fired by Barre for general incompetence. In 1916,William Randolph Hearst, the newspaper magnate, set up a studio to produce animated cartoons based on his paper's strips and hired Barre's best animators. Sullivan decided to start his own studio and made a series called "Sammy Johnsin" based on a Marriner strip on which he had worked. This was followed by a series of shorts starring Charlie Chaplin's film characterThe Tramp.[6]
AsMickey Mouse was gaining popularity among theatre audiences through sound cartoons by late 1928, Sullivan, after years of refusing to convert Felix to sound, finally agreed to use sound in Felix's cartoons. Unfortunately, Sullivan did not carefully prepare this process and put sound in cartoons that the studio had already completed.[7] By 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[7] Sullivan relented in 1933, and announced that Felix would return in sound, but died that year before production began.[citation needed]
By the early 1930s, Sullivan's alcoholism had completely consumed him. According to artist George Cannata, Sulivan would often fire employees in a drunken haze, not remembering the next day, when they would return to work as if nothing had happened.[citation needed] According toShamus Culhane, Sullivan artistAl Eugster recalled that Sullivan was "[t]he most consistent man in the business—consistent in that he was never sober". According to Otto Messmer, Sullivan drank all day long and was never in a sound enough state of mind to contribute creatively to the cartoons he produced. In later years, much of Sullivan's staff was interviewed and claimed Messmer deserved all credit for the Felix character's creation and development, arguing that Sullivan was too sick to contribute or even really run the studio.[citation needed]
Sullivan died on 15 February 1933[5] inNew York City[4] at age 47[4] from health problems brought on byalcoholism andpneumonia.[4] (At the time, newspapers attributed his death to only pneumonia.)[8][9]
In 1917, Sullivan was convicted of rape in the second degree of a 14-year-old girl. He spent 9 months and 3 days in prison,[10] during which time his studio went on hiatus.
Sullivan reportedly carried a strong bias against African Americans. According toRudy Zamora, when he and Eddie Salter tested for positions at the Sullivan studio, they were bested by a young African American boy. Zamora recalled that animator Dana Parker "took the black boy [aside] and told him that they'll call him when they needed him, [as they were] not hiring anyone that day. But they kept Eddie and I. That was lousy. Then they would have hired this black guy and myself. Ed was third." When Zamora complained about this to Parker, he was told, "The old man (Sullivan) didn't want any black guys."[11]
It is a matter of some dispute whether Felix was created by Sullivan or his top animatorOtto Messmer. Some animation historians accepted Messmer's claim, as he was the principal animator on the Felix series.[12]
However, Sullivan was drawing cartoons forParamount Magazine by 1919 and later when he signed a contract as an animator withParamount Studios in March 1920, one of the subjects specified in hiscurriculum vitae was a black cat named Felix who had first appeared inParamount Magazine as a character named "Master Tom" in a cartoon series namedFeline Follies, tending to support Sullivan's claim definitively.[10]
Firsthand accounts were recorded in print, notably a recollection from 1953 by Australian writerHugh McCrae, who was sharing an apartment with Pat Sullivan just before Felix was created. 'It comes properly as a postscript that in New York McCrae shared a flat with Pat Sullivan, the famed creator of "Felix, the Cat." When a film about Felix was being planned, Sullivan suggested that McCrae should do the drawings while he (Sullivan) supplied the ideas. McCrae refused and has regretted it ever since.'[13]
Australian cartoonists find the Messmer claim uncredible. Messmer came forward decades after Pat Sullivan's death, claimed Felix was his creation and placed the place of creation of the lucrative character in his own house, away from his boss's office. He excluded Pat Sullivan completely, and yet the lettering throughout the creation matches Pat Sullivan's hand. It is also telling that a cartoon kitten says "MUM" inFeline Follies, with the Australian/British spelling, rather than "MOM", the American spelling; Messmer is less likely to have written that.
Media related toPat Sullivan (film producer) at Wikimedia Commons| Key people | |
|---|---|
| Films | |
| Television | |
| Other media |
|
