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Pas-de-Calais

Coordinates:50°57′N1°51′E / 50.950°N 1.850°E /50.950; 1.850
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Department of France
Not to be confused with theStrait of Dover, referred to as "Pas de Calais" in France.
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Department in Hauts-de-France, France
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-Calés
Prefecture building of the department, in Arras
Prefecture building of the department, in Arras
Flag of Pas-de-Calais
Flag
Coat of arms of Pas-de-Calais
Coat of arms
Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
Coordinates:50°57′N1°51′E / 50.950°N 1.850°E /50.950; 1.850
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
PrefectureArras
SubprefecturesBéthune,Boulogne-sur-Mer,Calais,Lens,Montreuil,Saint-Omer
Government
 • BodyDepartmental Council of Pas-de-Calais
 • President of the Departmental CouncilJean-Claude Leroy[1]
Area
 • Total
6,706 km2 (2,589 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[2]
 • Total
1,460,184
 • Rank7th
 • Density217.7/km2 (564.0/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeFR-62
Department number62
Arrondissements7
Cantons39
Communes890
^1 French Land Register data, which excludeestuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

ThePas-de-Calais (French:[pɑd(ə)kalɛ]ⓘ, 'strait ofCalais';Picard:Pas-Calés;Dutch:Nauw van Calais) is adepartment in northernFrance named after theFrench designation of theStrait of Dover, which it borders. It has the mostcommunes of all the departments of France, with890, and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019.[3] TheCalais Passage connects to thePort of Calais on theEnglish Channel. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments ofNord andSomme and is connected to the Englishcounty ofKent via theChannel Tunnel.[4]

History

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Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Pas-de-Calais region was populated in turn by the CelticBelgae, theRomans, theGermanicFranks and theAlemanni. During the fourth and fifth centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defence services along the route fromBoulogne-sur-Mer toCologne created aGermanic-Romance linguistic border in the region that persisted until the eighth century.

Saxon colonization into the region from the fifth to the eighth centuries likely extended the linguistic border somewhat south and west so that by the ninth century most inhabitants north of the line betweenBéthune andBerck spoke a dialect ofMiddle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spokePicard, a variety ofRomance dialects.

This linguistic border is still evident today in thetoponyms andpatronyms of the region. Beginning in the ninth century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east.

Pas-de-Calais is one of the original 83 departments created during theFrench Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of theformer provinces ofCalaisis, formerly English,Boulonnais,Ponthieu andArtois, this last formerly part of theSpanish Netherlands.

Some of the costliest battles ofWorld War I were fought in the region. TheCanadian National Vimy Memorial, eight kilometres (five miles) fromArras, commemorates theBattle of Vimy Ridge assault during theBattle of Arras (1917) and isCanada's most important memorial in Europe to its fallen soldiers.[5]

Pas-de-Calais was also the target ofOperation Fortitude duringWorld War II, which was anAllied plan to deceivethe Germans that theinvasion of Europe at D-Day was to occur here, rather than inNormandy.[6]

Geography

[edit]
Cities > 10,000 inhabitants
View of the English coast, from Pas-de-Calais

Pas-de-Calais is in the currentregion ofHauts-de-France and is surrounded by the departments ofNord andSomme, theEnglish Channel, and theNorth Sea. It shares a maritime border with the English county ofKent in theUnited Kingdom halfway through theChannel Tunnel.

The principal rivers are the following:

Principal towns

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Its principal towns are, on the coast,Calais andBoulogne-sur-Mer, and in Artois,Arras,Lens,Liévin, andBéthune. The most populous commune is Calais; the prefecture Arras is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:[3]

CommunePopulation (2019)
Calais72,509
Arras41,694
Boulogne-sur-Mer40,251
Lens31,461
Liévin30,112
Hénin-Beaumont25,992
Béthune25,039
Bruay-la-Buissière21,903
Avion17,625
Carvin17,557

Economy

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The economy of the department was long dependent onmining, primarily thecoal mines near the town ofLens, Pas-de-Calais where coal was discovered in 1849.[7] However, sinceWorld War II, the economy has become more diversified.

Demographics

[edit]

The inhabitants of the department are calledPas-de-Calaisiens.

Pas-de-Calais is one of the most densely populated departments of France, but has no cities with over 100,000 residents: Calais has about 73,000 inhabitants. The remaining population is primarily concentrated along the border with the department of Nord in the mining district, where a string of small towns constitutes an urban area with a population of about 1.2 million. The centre and south of the department are more rural, but still quite heavily populated, with many villages and small towns.

Although the department saw some of the heaviest fighting ofWorld War I, its population rebounded quickly after both world wars. However, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.

Population development since 1801:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801534,416—    
1821626,571+0.80%
1831655,215+0.45%
1841685,021+0.45%
1851692,994+0.12%
1861724,338+0.44%
1872761,158+0.45%
1881819,022+0.82%
1891874,364+0.66%
1901955,391+0.89%
19111,068,155+1.12%
1921989,967−0.76%
19311,205,191+1.99%
YearPop.±% p.a.
19361,179,467−0.43%
19461,168,545−0.09%
19541,276,833+1.11%
19621,366,282+0.85%
19681,397,159+0.37%
19751,402,295+0.05%
19821,412,413+0.10%
19901,433,203+0.18%
19991,441,568+0.06%
20061,453,387+0.12%
20111,462,807+0.13%
20161,470,725+0.11%
20221,460,184−0.12%
Sources:[8][9]

Politics

[edit]

Local elections

[edit]
Main article:Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais

The president of the Departmental Council is Jean-Claude Leroy, elected in 2017.

National politics

[edit]
Main article:List of constituencies in Pas-de-Calais

In the second round of theFrench presidential elections of 2017 Pas-de-Calais was one of only two departments in which the candidate of theFront National,Marine Le Pen, received a majority of the votes cast: 52.06%.[10]

Presidential elections 2nd round

[edit]
ElectionWinning CandidateParty%2nd Place CandidateParty%
2022Marine Le PenFN57.49Emmanuel MacronLREM42.51
2017[11]Marine Le PenFN52.06Emmanuel MacronLREM47.94
2012François HollandePS56.18Nicolas SarkozyUMP43.82
2007Ségolène RoyalPS52.04Nicolas SarkozyUMP47.96
2002[11]Jacques ChiracRPR77.83Jean-Marie Le PenFN22.17
1995[12]Lionel JospinPS57.28Jacques ChiracRPR42.72

Current National Assembly Representatives

[edit]
ConstituencyMember[13]Party
Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituencyEmmanuel BlairyNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituencyAgnès Pannier-RunacherLREM
Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituencyBruno ClavetNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituencyPhilippe FaitEnsemble
Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituencyAntoine GolliotNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituencyChristine EngrandNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituencyMarc de FleurianNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituencyAuguste EvrardNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituencyCaroline ParmentierNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituencyThierry FrappéNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituencyMarine Le PenNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituencyBruno BildeNational Rally

National Assembly Representatives (2017 to 2022)

[edit]
ConstituencyMember[13]Party
Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituencyBruno DuvergéMoDem
Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituencyJacqueline MaquetLa République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituencyEmmanuel BlairyNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituencyDaniel FasquelleThe Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituencyJean-Pierre PontLa République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituencyBrigitte BourguignonLa République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituencyPierre-Henri DumontThe Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituencyBenoît PotterieLa République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituencyMarguerite Deprez-AudebertMoDem
Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituencyMyriane HouplainNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituencyMarine Le PenNational Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituencyBruno BildeNational Rally

Education

[edit]
TheUniversité d'Artois' campus inLens sits in the ancient headquarters of Compagnie des mines.

There are currently two public universities in the department. Although it is one of the most populous departments of France, Pas-de-Calais did not contain a university until 1991 when the French government created two universities:ULCO (Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale)[14] on the western part of the department, andUniversité d'Artois[15] on the eastern part.

Tourism

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^"Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux".data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^"Populations de référence 2022" (in French). National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 19 December 2024.
  3. ^abPopulations légales 2019: 62 Pas-de-Calais, INSEE
  4. ^Jackson, Mark (2021-09-01)."Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel".ISPreview UK. Retrieved2021-09-12.
  5. ^"Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France".The Great War UK. 2015. Retrieved31 March 2017.The ridge runs in a direction from Givenchy-en-Gohelle in the north-west to Farbus in the south-east.
  6. ^Hakim, Joy (1995).A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
  7. ^"Discovery of Coal". Ville de Lens. Archived fromthe original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved1 August 2015.
  8. ^"Historique du Pas-de-Calais".Le SPLAF.
  9. ^"Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  10. ^Résultats élections,Le Monde
  11. ^ab"Présidentielles".
  12. ^"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania".
  13. ^abNationale, Assemblée."Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français".Assemblée nationale.
  14. ^"Décret no 91-1161 du 7 novembre 1991 portant création et organisation provisoire de l'université du Littoral". legifrance.gouv.fr.
  15. ^"Décret no 91-1160 du 7 novembre 1991 portant création et organisation provisoire de l'université d'Artois". legifrance.gouv.fr.

External links

[edit]
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Communes of thePas-de-Calais department
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  • 75Paris(collectivity with special status)
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