| Parosmia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Troposmia |
| Symptoms | inability to correctly identify an odor's "natural" smell |
Parosmia (from the Greek παράpará and ὀσμήosmḗ "smell") is a dysfunctionalsmell detection characterized by the inability of thebrain to correctly identify an odor's "natural" smell.[1] Instead, the natural odor is usually transformed into an unpleasant aroma, typically a "burned", "rotting", "fecal", or "chemical" smell.[2] There can also be rare instances of a pleasant odor calledeuosmia.[3] The condition was rare and little-researched until it became relatively more widespread since 2020 as a side effect ofCOVID-19.[4]
There are numerous diseases with which parosmia is associated. In a case study, Frasnelliet al. examined five patients that endured parosmia or phantosmia, most as a result ofupper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).[2] It is hypothesized that URTIs can result in parosmia because of damage toolfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).[5] The condition has been linked tocoronavirus disease 2019 as a rare side effect.[6] Common triggers in COVID-19 related parosmia include coffee, chocolate, meat, onion, and toothpaste.[7] Exposure to harmfulsolvents has also been linked to parosmia specifically by damaging ORNs.[8]Damage to these neurons could render them unable to correctly encode a signal representing a particular odor, which would send an erroneous signal to the odor processing center, theolfactory bulb. This miscommunication, in turn, leads to the signal triggering a different smell than the stimulating odor, and thus the patient cannot sync the input and output odors. Damage to ORNs describes a peripheral defect in the pathway, but there are also instances where damage to the processing center in the brain can lead to distorted odors.[citation needed]
Different types ofhead trauma could also lead to dysfunctions that relate to what the afflicted brain area controls. In humans, the olfactory bulb is located on theinferior side of the brain. Physical damage to this area would alter how the area processes information in a variety of ways, but there are also diseases that can alter how this area works. If the part of the brain that interprets these input signals is damaged, then a distorted output is possible. That damage would also lead to parosmia. Temporal lobe epilepsy has led to cases of parosmia, but these were only temporary; the onset of parosmia was a seizure, and it typically lasted a week or two after.[9] Parosmia is sometimes associated withParkinson's disease. Although the specific pathway is undetermined, the lack of dopamine has resulted in documented cases of parosmia andphantosmia.[10]
One method used to diagnose parosmia is theUniversity of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). "Sniffin' Sticks" are another diagnostic method.[11] These techniques can help deduce whether a specific case of parosmia can be attributed to just one stimulating odor or if there is a group of odors that will elicit the displaced smell. In one case studied by Frasnelliet al. certain smells, specifically coffees, cigarettes, onions, and perfumes, induced a "nauseating" odor for the patient, which was artificial and unrelated to a known smell. In another case study cited in the same paper, a woman had parosmia in one nostril but not the other. Medical examination includingMRI did not reveal any abnormalities; however the parosmia in this case was degenerative, getting worse in time. The authors report that cases of parosmia can predict regeneration of olfactory senses.
Symptoms of most patients afflicted with parosmia decrease over time. Although there are instances of parosmia affecting patients for years, this is certainly not the majority of cases. There have been experimental treatments of parosmia withL-Dopa,[12] but there are no other current treatments except inducinganosmia orhyposmia to the point that the odors are negligible.
