"Parnassian" redirects here. For the hypothetical Anatolian language thought to have had substrate influence on Greek, seePre-Greek substrate.
19th-century French literary movement
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The Parnassians were influenced by Théophile Gautier and his doctrine of "art for art's sake".[2] As a reaction to the less-disciplined types of romantic poetry and what they considered the excessive sentimentality and undue social and political activism of Romantic works, the Parnassians strove for exact and faultless workmanship,[3] selecting exotic and (neo-)classical subjects that they treated with the rigidity of form and emotional detachment. Elements of this detachment were derived from the philosophical work of Schopenhauer.[citation needed]
The two most characteristic and most long-lasting members of the movement wereHeredia andLeconte de Lisle.[4]
British poets such asAndrew Lang,Austin Dobson andEdmund Gosse were sometimes known as "English Parnassians" for their experiments in old (often originally French) forms such as theballade, thevillanelle and therondeau, taking inspiration from French authors like Banville.Gerard Manley Hopkins used the termParnassian pejoratively to describe competent but uninspired poetry, “spokenon and from the level of a poet’s mind”.[8] He identified this trend particularly with the work ofAlfred Tennyson, citing the poem "Enoch Arden" as an example.[9]Many prominent Turkish poets of Servet-i Fünun were inspired by Parnassianism such asTevfik Fikret,Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and Cenap Şahabettin.[10]
Maurice Souriau,Histoire du Parnasse, ed. Spes, 1929
Louis-Xavier de Ricard,Petits mémoires d'un Parnassien
Adolphe Racot,Les Parnassiens, introduction and commentaries by M. Pakenham, presented by Louis Forestier, Aux Lettres modernes: collectionavant-siècle, 1967.
