Movatterモバイル変換

Parliamentary elections in Turkey

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Grand National Assembly, the legislative chamber in Turkey

Politics of Turkey


Constitution History Democracy Human rights LGBT rights Secularism
Legislature Grand National Assembly (Parliament) Speaker:Numan Kurtulmuş Leader of the main opposition Özgür Özel Political parties
Executive President (list) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Vice President (list) Cevdet Yılmaz Cabinet (list) Current cabinet (67th) Ministries National Security Council Governors
Judiciary Constitutional Court President:Kadir Özkaya Court of Cassation President:Mehmet Akarca Court of Accounts President:Metin Yener Council of State President:Zeki Yiğit
Elections Electoral system Supreme Election Council Recent elections Parliamentary 2018 2023 next Presidential 2018 2023 next Local 2014 2019 2024 Referendum 2007 2010 2017 Political parties
Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister:Hakan Fidan (list) Diplomatic missions of Turkey Diplomatic missions in Turkey Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Membership of international organizations Turkey and the United Nations Permanent Representative European Union Accession relations Customs Union
See also History History of the Republic Armed Forces
Turkey portal Other countries
v t e

Parliamentary elections in Turkey determine the composition of theGrand National Assembly for the next five years.^[1] The members are elected for a five-year term through a proportional system in 87 multi-member constituencies withclosed party lists or asindependent candidates.

Participation

[edit]

Age of candidacy

[edit]

Theage of candidacy was 30 in the newly established Republic of Turkey. The age of candidacy dropped from 30 to 25 through a constitutional amendment in 2006.^[2] Following the2017 constitutional referendum, it was further lowered to 18.^[3]

Voting age

[edit]

According to theConstitution of the Ottoman Empire (1876), thevoting age was 25. In the newly established Republic of Turkey, the voting age was reduced to 18 due to the decreasing population. The voting age was increased to 22 in 1934, decreased to 21 in 1987, and 18 in 1995.^[4]

Voter turnout

[edit]

Thevoter turnout for the average of 18 parliamentary election is 81.4%. Turkey has a high voter turnout rate compared to other democracies. The participation rate in Turkey is also higher than the participation rates in countries wherecompulsory voting is loosely applied. With the exception of 1960–1970, voter turnout rate in Turkey is above the world average from 1950 to the present in Turkey.^[5]

Voter turnout at parliamentary elections
Election year	Registered voters	Total votes	Turnout
1950	8,905,743	7,953,085	89.3
1954	10,262,063	9,095,617	88.6
1957	12,078,623	9,250,949	76.6
1961	12,925,395	10,522,716	81.4
1965	13,679,753	9,748,678	71.3
1969	14,788,552	9,516,035	64.3
1973	16,798,164	11,223,843	66.8
1977	21,207,303	15,358,210	72.4
1983	19,767,366	18,238,362	92.3
1987	26,376,926	24,603,541	93.3
1991	29,979,123	25,157,089	83.9
1995	34,155,981	29,101,469	85.2
1999	37,495,217	32,656,070	87.1
2002	41,407,027	32,768,161	79.1
2007	42,799,303	36,056,293	84.2
2011	52,806,322	43,914,948	83.2
2015	56,608,817	47,507,467	83.9
2015	56,949,009	48,537,695	85.2
2018	59,367,469	51,189,444	86.2
2023	64,145,504	55,835,895	87.0

Electoral system

[edit]

Electoral districts

[edit]

Turkey is split into 87electoral districts, which elect a certain number ofrepresentatives to theGrand National Assembly of Turkey. Electoral district are allocated a certain number of MPs in proportion to their population. TheSupreme Electoral Council of Turkey conducts population reviews of each district before an election and adjusts a district's number of seats according to the latest census.

Number of parliamentary constituencies by province and year
Election year		20th century																					21st century
Election year		'20	'23	'27	'31	'35	'39	'43	'46	'50	'54	'57	'61	'65	'69	'73	'77	'83	'87	'91	'95	'99	'02	'07	'11	'15	'15	'18	'23
#	Total	436	333	335	348	444	470	492	503	477	537	602	450	450	450	450	450	400	450	450	550	550	550	550	550	550	550	600	600
	Province
1	Adana	7	3	4	4	8	11	10	10	11	13	16	12	13	13	13	14	12	14	14	17	14	14	14	14	14	14	15	15
2	Adıyaman											5	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	6	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
3	Afyonkarahisar	8	6	6	7	7	8	8	8	9	9	10	7	7	7	7	6	5	6	6	7	7	7	7	5	5	5	6	6
4	Ağrı	5	2	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	4	5	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	5	4	5	5	4	4	4	4	4
68	Aksaray^{[n 1]}		3	3	4															3	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	4	4
5	Amasya	7	4	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	6	4	4	4	5	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
6	Ankara	9	7	8	11	15	16	15	18	18	21	22	21	21	24	26	29	23	26	23	28	28	29	29	31	32	32	36	36
7	Antalya	6	4	5	5	8	8	8	7	7	9	9	7	7	7	7	7	7	8	9	10	12	13	13	14	14	14	16	17
75	Ardahan^{[n 2]}	2	3																		2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
8	Artvin		1	2	2	10	4	4	5	5	5	5	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
9	Aydın	7	6	5	6	7	8	9	8	5	8	10	8	8	7	7	7	6	7	6	8	8	8	8	7	7	7	8	8
10	Balikesir	6	8	10	10	12	12	13	14	12	14	15	11	11	10	9	9	7	8	7	9	9	8	8	8	8	8	9	9
74	Bartın																			2	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
72	Batman																			3	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	5
−	Batum^{[n 3]}	5
69	Bayburt																			2	2	2	2	2	1	2	2	1	1
−	Biga^{[n 4]}	3	3
11	Bilecik	5	5	4	3	3	5	5	3	3	4	4	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
12	Bingöl^{[n 5]}	6	2				2	2	2	2	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
13	Bitlis	7	2	3			2	2	3	2	2	3	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3
14	Bolu	8	5	6	6	10	8	8	8	7	8	8	6	6	5	5	5	5	5	5	6	5	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
15	Burdur	7	2	2	2	4	3	4	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
16	Bursa	7	6	9	9	12	12	12	13	11	13	14	11	11	11	11	11	10	11	12	14	16	16	16	18	18	18	20	20
17	Çanakkale			4	5	5	6	6	6	7	8	8	5	5	5	5	4	4	4	4	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
18	Çankırı	7	4	4	4	8	6	6	5	5	6	6	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
−	Çatalca^{[n 6]}		1
19	Çorum	7	6	5	6	7	8	9	8	8	9	10	7	7	7	7	6	5	6	5	6	5	5	5	4	4	4	4	4
20	Denizli	6	5	6	6	8	9	10	8	7	9	9	7	7	7	6	6	5	6	6	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	8	7
21	Diyarbakır	7	7	6	4	8	8	6	7	7	8	9	7	7	7	7	7	7	8	8	10	11	10	10	11	11	11	12	12
81	Düzce																						3	3	3	3	3	3	3
22	Edirne	5	3	4	4	4	6	5	5	5	6	6	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	4	4
23	Elazığ	7	6	7	7	6	5	5	5	5	5	6	5	5	5	5	5	4	5	4	5	5	5	5	5	4	4	5	5
−	Ergani^{[n 7]}	11	3
24	Erzincan	5	3	3	3	4	7	5	7	5	5	6	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
25	Erzurum	10	7	7	7	12	9	6	11	10	12	13	9	9	9	9	8	7	7	7	8	8	7	7	6	6	6	6	6
26	Eskişehir	7	4	4	4	5	5	5	7	6	7	8	6	6	6	6	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	7	6
26	Gaziantep	6	5	6	5	10	7	8	7	7	8	10	7	7	7	8	8	7	8	9	9	9	10	10	12	12	12	14	14
−	Gelibolu^{[n 8]}	1	1
28	Giresun		5	5	5	7	7	9	9	8	8	8	6	6	6	6	5	5	5	4	5	5	5	5	4	4	4	4	4
29	Gümüşhane	6	4	5	3	5	5	5	6	7	6	6	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
30	Hakkâri^{[n 9]}	6	2	1	1		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
31	Hatay						5	5	6	6	8	9	7	7	7	7	8	7	9	8	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	11	11
76	Iğdır																				2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
32	Isparta	6	3	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	5	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	4	5	5	4	4	4	4	4
−	İçel^{[n 10]}	6	2	2	2
34	Istanbul	12	23	17	18	20	19	28	30	25	29	39	31	31	33	38	44	36	45	50	61	69	70	70	85	88	88	98	98
35	İzmir	8	11	12	12	14	15	17	15	16	20	22	17	17	18	18	19	16	19	19	24	24	24	24	26	26	26	28	28
46	Kahramanmaraş	8	5	5	4	6	5	5	6	7	7	9	6	6	6	7	7	6	7	7	8	9	8	8	8	8	8	8	8
78	Karabük																				3	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	3
70	Karaman																			2	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	3
36	Kars	3	2	6	5	8	10	8	10	10	10	12	9	9	9	8	8	6	6	5	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
37	Kastamonu	8	8	6	8	9	11	9	11	10	10	10	7	7	6	6	5	4	4	4	5	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3
38	Kayseri	7	5	6	5	10	8	10	9	9	9	11	8	8	8	8	8	7	8	7	9	8	8	8	9	9	9	10	10
71	Kırıkkale																			3	4	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3
39	Kırklareli		3	3	3	3	5	5	5	5	5	6	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
40	Kırşehir^{[n 11]}	7	5	3	3	4	5	4	4	3	5	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
79	Kilis																				2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
41	Kocaeli	6	6	7	7	10	10	13	10	11	12	5	5	5	4	5	5	5	7	7	9	10	9	9	11	11	11	13	14
42	Konya	10	10	13	14	15	15	15	16	17	19	21	16	16	16	16	16	13	14	13	16	16	16	16	14	14	14	15	15
−	Kozan^{[n 12]}	5	2
43	Kütahya	6	8	7	12	11	10	12	10	10	8	8	6	6	6	5	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	5	4	4	5	5
−	Lazistan^{[n 13]}	6
44	Malatya	11	5	6	6	9	10	11	12	11	12	9	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	7	7	7	7	6	6	6	6	6
45	Manisa	9	10	10	11	12	13	12	12	12	12	14	11	11	11	10	10	8	9	9	11	10	10	10	10	9	9	10	10
47	Mardin	6	6	5	3	7	8	7	10	7	7	8	6	6	6	6	6	5	6	5	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
33	Mersin	7	2	2	3	5	7	8	8	7	8	9	7	7	7	7	8	7	9	9	12	12	12	12	11	11	11	13	13
48	Muğla	11	3	4	4	6	6	6	5	5	6	7	5	5	5	5	4	4	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	7	7
49	Muş^{[n 14]}	7	3		4	4	2	2	3	2	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	4	4	4	4	4	3	3	4	3
50	Nevşehir											4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
51	Niğde	6	4	4	4	7	7	8	7	8	8	7	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
−	Oltu^{[n 15]}	2
52	Ordu		5	6	6	7	8	8	9	8	9	10	8	8	8	8	7	6	7	6	8	7	7	7	6	5	5	6	6
80	Osmaniye^{[n 16]}	3	2	5	3																	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
53	Rize^{[n 17]}		6	6	6		6	6	6	6	6	6	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
54	Sakarya											8	6	6	6	6	5	5	6	6	7	6	6	6	7	7	7	7	8
55	Samsun	6	3	6	7	9	9	11	10	10	12	14	11	11	11	10	10	8	9	9	11	10	9	9	9	9	9	9	9
56	Siirt	6	2	2	2	6	5	5	4	4	4	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
57	Sinop	6	4	3	4	6	5	5	5	5	6	6	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
58	Sivas	8	7	7	7	11	11	15	12	13	14	15	11	11	10	9	8	7	7	6	7	6	6	6	5	5	5	5	5
−	Siverek^{[n 18]}	6	4
63	Şanlıurfa	5	6	5	6	7	7	6	7	7	8	9	7	7	6	7	7	5	7	8	9	11	11	11	12	12	12	14	14
−	Şebinkarahisar^{[n 19]}	5	4	3	3
73	Şırnak																			3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	4	4
59	Tekirdağ		2	3	4	5	5	6	6	5	6	6	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	6	6	6	7	8
60	Tokat	7	4	5	6	8	9	8	10	9	9	10	7	7	7	7	7	6	6	6	7	6	7	7	5	5	5	5	5
61	Trabzon	11	7	8	9	9	11	11	12	12	12	12	9	9	9	8	8	6	7	6	8	7	8	8	6	6	6	6	6
62	Tunceli^{[n 20]}	6	2				3	2	2	2	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1
64	Uşak										4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
65	Van	7	3	2	2	3	3	4	3	3	4	5	3	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	6	7	7	7	8	8	8	8	8
77	Yalova																				2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3
66	Yozgat	7	4	5	6	7	7	7	8	7	8	9	6	6	6	6	6	5	5	5	6	6	6	6	4	4	4	4	4
67	Zonguldak		4	7	6	10	10	11	9	10	10	12	9	9	9	9	9	8	9	7	6	6	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
#	Total	436	333	335	348	444	470	492	503	477	537	602	450	450	450	450	450	400	450	450	550	550	550	550	550	550	550	600	600

Seats allocation

[edit]

Parliamentary seats are allocated according to thed’Hondt method in aparty-list proportional representation system.^[6] Political parties first need to pass anelectoral threshold of 7%. Parties can by-pass this rule by forming anelectoral alliance or participate as independents. The electoral threshold was introduced by the military regime after the1980 coup d'état, in a bid to maintain political stability.^[7]

From 1946 onwards, all elections weredirect elections. In the elections held between 1946 and 1957, aparty block voting system was applied. Under this system, the party that obtained aplurality of votes in a constituency would get all the deputies in that constituency. The system resulted in alandslide victories. For example, theDemocrat Party received 58% of the votes in the1954 election, but won 93% of the seats in the parliament.

Proportional representation was used for the first time after the adoption of theConstitution of 1961. For theelections of 1961, aparty-list proportional representation with theD'Hondt method in 67 constituencies was used. In order to receive seats in a constituency, parties needed to receive more votes in that constituency that theHare quota. It was also the first time that the number of deputies was fixed and determined as 450 seats.

In the1965 election, thenational remnant system was used. In the elections held in 1969, 1973 and 1977, the d'Hondt electoral system was applied without a threshold. A nationwideelectoral threshold of 10% and a constituency electoral threshold was introduced following the changes to the law in 1983. In addition to that, a quota system was also used in the1987 and1991 elections. From 1995 onwards, only a nationwide electoral threshold is used.^[8]

Campaigning

[edit]

The Law on Basic Provisions regulates the campaign and aims to ensure fair and equitable opportunities for contestants.^[9] Turkish campaigns are typically energetic as contestants use a variety of traditional campaigning means such as rallies, campaign stands, posters, banners, party flags, canvassing and vehicles with loudspeakers. Languages other than Turkish as well as sign language are used in the campaigns. According to Turkish Law, it is forbidden to make election propaganda in a foreign country. This law can be circumvented to a certain degree by organizing "informative seminars" instead of "propaganda meetings".^[10]

Political parties that received at least three per cent of votes in the last parliamentary elections are entitled to annual public funding on a proportional basis, as well as campaign funding but only for parliamentary elections. Parties also receive funding through membership fees and individual donations. Donations from public legal entities, state and public organizations and foreign sources are not allowed. An individual may donate up to a certain amount annually to a party. There is no ceiling for annual party and campaign-related expenditure. Parties declare their campaign funds solely through annual financial reports. TheConstitutional Court audits the reports. Independent candidates declare their campaign funds through personal tax declarations. Possible sanctions for breaches include warnings, imprisonment from three months to three years, monetary fines and dissolution of the party.^[9]

Summary of past elections

[edit]

The list below shows the election results of themulti-party period in Turkey since 1946.

Election				Other parties entering the parliament	Cabinets formed
1946	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) ? 395 MPs	Democrat Party (Celal Bayar) ? 66 MPs	National Development Party	Independent 4 MPs	Peker, I. Saka, II. Saka, Günaltay
1950	Democrat Party (Celal Bayar) 52,67% 415 MPs	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) 39,45% 69 MPs	Nation Party (Yusuf Hikmet Bayur) 3,11% 1 MPs	Independent 4,76% 2 MPs	I. Menderes, II. Menderes
1954	Democrat Party (Adnan Menderes) 57,61% 502 MPs	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) 35,35% 31 MPs	Republican Nation Party (Osman Bölükbaşı) 4,85% 5 MPs	Independent 1,53% 3 MPs	III. Menderes, IV. Menderes
1957	Democrat Party (Adnan Menderes) 47,87% 424 MPs	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) 41,09% 178 MPs	Republican Nation Party (Osman Bölükbaşı) 7,13% 4 MPs	Liberty Party 3,83% 4 MPs	V. Menderes
1961	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) 36,72% 173 MPs	Justice Party (Ragıp Gümüşpala) 34,78% 158 MPs	Republican Villagers Nation Party (Osman Bölükbaşı) 13,95% 54 MPs	New Turkey Party 13,72% 65 MPs	VIII. İnönü, IX. İnönü, X. İnönü, Ürgüplü
1965	Justice Party (Süleyman Demirel) 52,87% 240 MPs	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) 28,75% 134 MPs	Nation Party (Osman Bölükbaşı) 6,26% 31 MPs	New Turkey Party (19 MPs) Workers' Party of Turkey (14 MPs) Republican Villagers Nation Party (11 MPs) Independent (1 MPs)	I. Demirel
1969	Justice Party (Süleyman Demirel) 46,53% 256 MPs	Republican People's Party (İsmet İnönü) 27,36% 143 MPs	Republican Reliance Party (Turhan Feyzioğlu) 6,57% 15 MPs	Independent (13 MPs) Birlik Partisi (8 MPs) Nation Party (6 MPs) New Turkey Party (6 MPs) Workers' Party of Turkey (2 MPs) Nationalist Movement Party (1 MPs)	II. Demirel, III. Demirel, I. Erim, II. Erim, Melen, Talu
1973	Republican People's Party (Bülent Ecevit) 33,29% 185 MPs	Justice Party (Süleyman Demirel) 29,82% 149 MPs	Democratic Party (Ferruh Bozbeyli) 11,89% 45 MPs	National Salvation Party (48 MPs) Republican Reliance Party (13 MPs) Independent (6 MPs) Nationalist Movement Party (3 MPs) Unity Party (1 MPs)	I. Ecevit, Irmak, IV. Demirel
1977	Republican People's Party (Bülent Ecevit) 41,38% 213 MPs	Justice Party (Süleyman Demirel) 36,87% 189 MPs	National Salvation Party (Necmettin Erbakan) 8,56% 24 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (16 MPs) Independent (4 MPs) Republican Reliance Party (3 MPs) Democratic Party (1 MPs)	II. Ecevit, V. Demirel, III. Ecevit, VI. Demirel, Ulusu
1983	Motherland Party (Turgut Özal) 45,14% 211 MPs	Populist Party (Necdet Calp) 30,46% 117 MPs	Nationalist Democracy Party (Turgut Sunalp) 23,26% 71 MPs	−	I. Özal
1987	Motherland Party (Turgut Özal) 36,31% 292 MPs	Social Democratic Populist Party (Erdal İnönü) 24,74% 99 MPs	True Path Party (Süleyman Demirel) 19,13% 59 MPs	−	II. Özal, Akbulut, I. Yılmaz
1991	True Path Party (Süleyman Demirel) 27,03% 178 MPs	Motherland Party (Mesut Yılmaz) 24,01% 115 MPs	Social Democratic Populist Party (Erdal İnönü) 20,75% 88 MPs	Welfare Party (62 MPs) Democratic Left Party (7 MPs)	VII. Demirel, I. Çiller, II. Çiller, III. Çiller, II. Yılmaz
1995	Welfare Party (Necmettin Erbakan) 21,38% 158 MPs	Motherland Party (Mesut Yılmaz) 19,65% 132 MPs	True Path Party (Tansu Çiller) 19,18% 135 MPs	Democratic Left Party (76 MPs) Republican People's Party (49 MPs)	Erbakan, III. Yılmaz, IV. Ecevit
1999	Democratic Left Party (Bülent Ecevit) 22,19% 136 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (Devlet Bahçeli) 17,98% 129 MPs	Virtue Party (Recai Kutan) 15,41% 111 MPs	Motherland Party (86 MPs) True Path Party (85 MPs) Independent (3 MPs)	V. Ecevit
2002	Justice and Development Party (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) 34,28% 363 MPs	Republican People's Party (Deniz Baykal) 19,41% 178 MPs	True Path Party (Tansu Çiller) 9,54% 0 MPs	Independent 1,00% 9 MPs	Gül, I. Erdoğan
2007	Justice and Development Party (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) 46,66% 341 MPs	Republican People's Party (Deniz Baykal) 20,85% 112 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (Devlet Bahçeli) 14,29% 71 MPs	Independent 5,24% 26 MPs	II. Erdoğan
2011	Justice and Development Party (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) 49,83% 327 MPs	Republican People's Party (Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu) 25,98% 135 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (Devlet Bahçeli) 13,01% 53 MPs	Independent 6,57% 35 MPs	III. Erdoğan, I. Davutoğlu
2015 June	Justice and Development Party (Ahmet Davutoğlu) 40,87% 258 MPs	Republican People's Party (Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu) 24,95% 132 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (Devlet Bahçeli) 16,29% 80 MPs	Peoples' Democratic Party 13,12% 80 MPs	II. Davutoğlu
2015 November	Justice and Development Party (Ahmet Davutoğlu) 49,49% 317 MPs	Republican People's Party (Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu) 25,31% 134 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (Devlet Bahçeli) 11,90% 40 MPs	Peoples' Democratic Party 10,76% 59 MPs	III. Davutoğlu, Yıldırım
2018	Justice and Development Party (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) 42,49% 295 MPs	Republican People's Party (Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu) 22,65% 146 MPs	Peoples' Democratic Party (Sezai Temelli vePervin Buldan) 11,70% 67 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party 11,10% (49 MPs) İYİ Parti 9,96% (43 MPs)	IV. Erdoğan
2023	Justice and Development Party (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) 35,62% 268 MPs	Republican People's Party (Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu) 25,35% 169 MPs	Nationalist Movement Party (Devlet Bahçeli) 10,07% 50 MPs	Good Party 9,69% (43 MPs) Green Left Party 8,82% (61 MPs) New Welfare Party 2,80% (5 MPs) Workers' Party of Turkey 1,76% (4 MPs)	V. Erdoğan

By-elections

[edit]

By-elections in Turkey are regulated in accordance with Article 7 of the Law on Parliamentary Elections. Accordingly, by-elections are held in case of a vacancy in the membership of the Parliament. According to the constitution, by-elections are held once in each election period, and by-elections cannot be held unless 30 months have passed and 1 year before the parliamentary elections. However, if a province or constituency does not have any members in the Parliament, by-elections are held in that constituency on the first Sunday after 90 days following the vacancy.^[11]

References

[edit]

^Aksaray was a province between 1924 and 1933 and was a district of Niğde from 1933 to 1989.
^Ardahan was a province until 1926 and was a district of Kars from 1926 to 1992.
^It was left toGeorgia with theTreaty of Moscow in 1921.
^In 1923, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
^Genç until 1926, district of Elazig province between 1927 and 1929 and district of Muş province between 1929 and 1936.
^In 1926, it became a district of Istanbul province.
^In 1926, it became a district of Diyarbakır province.
^In 1926, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
^District of Van province between 1933 and 1936.
^It merged with Mersin Province in 1933.
^District of Nevşehir Province between 1954 and 1957.
^In 1926, it became a district of Adana province.
^In 1923, the province of Rize was established in place of the Lazistan Sanjak
^District of Bitlis province between 1925 and 1929.
^In 1926, it became a district of Erzurum province.
^Cebel-i Bereket Province until 1933, district of Adana Province between 1933 and 1996.
^Between 1933 and 1936, it merged with Çoruh Province, with the center being Rize.
^In 1926, it became a district of Şanlıurfa province.
^It became a district of Giresun province in 1933
^District of Elazığ between 1926 and 1936.

^Chughtai, Alia (24 June 2018)."All you need to know about Turkish election".Al Jazeera.Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^"EASO Country of Origin Information Report"(PDF).European Asylum Support Office. 1 November 2016.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^Ašimović Akyol, Riada (5 April 2017)."Will Turkey allow 18-year-old members of parliament? - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East".www.al-monitor.com.Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^Akca, Furkan (13 June 2022)."Seçme ve seçilme yaşı".Doğrula (in Turkish).Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^Çaylak, Adem (25 October 2017)."Voter turnout in Turkey: a cross-national comparison".Journal of International Social Research.10 (52):352–351.doi:10.17719/jisr.2017.1897. Retrieved30 April 2021.
^"How Turkey's Parliamentary Elections Work". 26 October 2015. Archived fromthe original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^"Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent - Türkiye News".Hürriyet Daily News. Ankara. 1 April 2022.Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^Cop, Burak (2017).Electoral systems in Turkey (1st ed.). İstanbul.ISBN 978-605-2380-18-5.Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved7 April 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^^a ^b"Observation Mission Final Report"(PDF). OSCE. 24 June 2018.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^Şen, Ersan (10 March 2017)."Yurtdışında Seçim Propagandası Yasağı".Hukuki Haber (in Turkish).Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved2 April 2023.
^"Milletvekili Seçimi Kanunu".www.anayasa.gen.tr.Archived from the original on 16 October 2004. Retrieved2 April 2023.

v t e Elections andreferendums in Turkey
Presidential elections	2014 2018 2023 Next
Parliamentary elections	1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1946 1950 1954 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2002 2007 2011 2015 (Jun) 2015 (Nov) 2018 2023 Next
Local elections	1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1955 1963 1968 1973 1977 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024
Senate elections	1961 1964 1966 1968 1973 1975 1977 1979
Referendums	1961 1982 1987 1988 2007 2010 2017
See also:Elections in the Ottoman Empire

Turkey

History

Ancient and Middle Ages	Prehistory of Anatolia Classical Anatolia Byzantine Anatolia
Seljuks andBeyliks	Seljuk Empire Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Rum Anatolian beyliks
Ottoman Empire	Rise Classical Age Conquest of Constantinople Transformation Ottoman Old Regime Tulip era Decline and modernization Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Second Constitutional Era Dissolution Partition
Republic of Türkiye	War of Independence Proclamation of the republic Atatürk's reforms Language reform Secularism One-party period Multi-party period
Overviews	Constitutional Economic Ottoman Military
Topics	Turkic migration Oghuz Turks Turkification Ancient peoples of Anatolia History of Anatolia History of Thrace

Geography

Regions (west to east)	Marmara region Aegean region Mediterranean region Black Sea region Central Anatolia region Eastern Anatolia region Southeastern Anatolia region
Topics	Climate Climate change Earthquakes East Anatolian Fault North Anatolian Fault Environmental issues Air pollution Waste management Fauna Flora and vegetation Geology Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Turkish Riviera Wildlife

Government

Branches	Legislative Executive Cabinet Judicial Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Court of Jurisdictional Disputes Council of State
Politics	Censorship Elections Parliamentary elections Presidential elections Electoral system Political parties Referendums
Topics	Administrative divisions Foreign relations Intelligence Services Ministry of the Interior National Police Gendarmerie The constitutional system Turkish Armed Forces Air Force Land Navy

Economy

Demographics

Society

Culture	Anthem Architecture Seljuk Ottoman Art Carpet Cinema Cuisine Ottoman Festivals Flag Folk dance Folklore Illumination Intangible cultural heritage Literature Media TV Newspapers Radio stations Miniature Music Names Painting Postage stamps Pottery Sports Football Oil wrestling Theater TV series Video games Wine World heritage sites