| Parapsittacopes | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Passerimorphae |
| Family: | †Psittacopedidae |
| Genus: | †Parapsittacopes Mayr, 2020 |
| Type species | |
| †Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2020 | |
Parapsittacopes is an extinct genus ofpsittacopedid bird from theEarly EoceneLondon Clay, United Kingdom. The genus contains one species,Parapsittacopes bergdahli.
Theholotype ofParasittacopes was collected from the London Clay nearWalton-on-the-Naze by Paul Bergdahl ofKirby-le-Soken, a private collector. The specimen later became available to science with the help of Bergdahl's son, and is designated SMF Av 653. The specimen consists of a partial skeleton, including the skull, some of the jaw bones, severalvertebrae, parts of thescapula,coracoid, andfurcula, parts of many wing bones, and significant portions of the legs and feet.[1]
In 2020,Parapsittacopes bergdahli was described as a new genus and species ofpsittacopedid by Gerald Mayr. The generic name is from Greekpara, meaning "next to", andPsittacopes, the type genus of the Psittacopedidae to whichParapsittacopes is referred. The specific ephitetbergdahli is after Paul Bergdahl, the collector who initially discovered and excavated the holotype.[1]
In 2022, additional material of the specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.43 was referred toParapsittacopes. This specimen preserves bones of the wings, including parts of the ulnae, a radius, portions of the humerus, a left coracoid, part of a scapula, and several bones of the manus.[2]
Parapsittacopes was a moderately small bird, about the size of theSpeckled mousebird (Colius striatus). The upper beak is less than half the length of the skull as a whole, and is short and wide. The openings of the nostrils are very large. The beak is comparable to that of theBohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus). The coracoid bears a large procoracoid process, protruding from the side of the bone, and does not have a foramen for the supracoracoid nerve but rather a groove. Thekeel has a sharply pointed tip which protrudes forward. The humerus is short and wide, resembling that ofmousebirds. The ulna is longer than the radius. In the pelvis, theilium is not co-ossified with thesynsacrum, a condition rare in modern arboreal birds. Thefemur is relatively long. There is a depression of the trochlea of the third toe and a splayed trochlea of the fourth toe, indicating thatParapsittacopes had azygodactyl foot arrangement.[1]
Parapsittacopes was a member of the Psittacopedidae, a family of small birds that are likely a stem lineage related to thePasseriformes, the songbirds. Cladogram after analyses based solely on morphological data, Mayr (2020):[1]
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However, this morphological analysis does not agree with studies based on DNA. When constrained to those molecular results,Parapsittacopes, along with the rest of the Psittacopedidae, were found to be most closely related to a clade of thePasseriformes and theZygodactylidae, another extinct family of small arboreal birds of the Eocene.[1]
Parapsittacopes had a uniquebeak shape among the Psittacopedidae, which may be compared to extant birds: large nostrils and the curve of the beak resemble that ofswifts andtreeswifts, while the outline of the bill is similar to that ofwaxwings. This beak shape indicates thatParapsittacopes might have eaten fruit and caught insects by flying out from a perch. The resemblance in beak shape to swifts and treeswifts suggest thatParapsittacopes primarily ate insects. Unlike in modern songbirds and in the Zygodactylidae,Psittacopes has short legs, which might indicate that it walked on trees on the ground less than songbirds, rather choosing to remain perched on branches.[1]
The beak shape ofPsittacopes also provides insight into the disappearance of birds like it andPsittacopes. These birds had specialised diets and feeding styles, as shown by the variety of beak types they had. This could have made them more vulnerable tocompetition, facilitating the replacement of this family, one of the first kinds ofneornithean to be small and arboreal.[1]