Paramars of Malwa
948–1305
Greatest extent of Paramaras under EmperorBhojac. 1055 CE.[1]
Capital	Dhar Mandu
Common languages	Sanskrit
Religion	Shaivism[2]  Jainism
Government	Monarchy
Maharajadhiraj
• 948–972	Siyaka(first)
• 1301–1305	Mahalakadeva(last)
Pradhan
• 948–?	Vishnu(first)
• 1275–1305	Goga Deva(last)
Historical era	Classical India
• Established	948
• Disestablished	24 November 1305
Preceded by Succeeded by Rashtrakuta dynasty Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Kalachuris of Tripuri Ghurid dynasty Delhi Sultanate
Today part of	India

TheParamara dynasty (IAST: Paramāra) was an Indian dynasty that ruledMalwa and surrounding areas in west-central India between 948 and 1305. They belonged to theParamara clan of theRajputs.^[3] But the Paramaras were descended from theRashtrakutas.^[4]

The dynasty was established in either the 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of theRashtrakutas of Manyakheta. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th-century rulerSiyaka, have been found inGujarat. Around 972, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capitalManyakheta, and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his successorMunja, the Malwa region in present-dayMadhya Pradesh had become the core Paramara territory, withDhara (now Dhar) as their capital. At its zenith underBhoja, it ruled over an empire which extended fromChittor in the north toKonkan in the south, and from theSabarmati River in the west toVidisha in the east.

The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with theChaulukyas of Gujarat, theChalukyas of Kalyani, theKalachuris of Tripuri,Chandelas of Jejakabhukti and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital toMandapa-Durga (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies.Mahalakadeva, the last known Paramara king, wasdefeated and killed by the forces ofAlauddin Khalji ofDelhi in 1305, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death.

Malwa enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras. The Paramaras were well known for their patronage toSanskrit poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned scholar. Most of the Paramara kings wereShaivites and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they also patronizedJain scholars.

TheHarsola copper plates issued by the Paramara kingSiyaka II in 949 mentions a king called Akalavarsha, followed by the expressiontasmin kule ("in that family"), and then followed by the name "Vappairaja" (identified with the Paramara king Vakpati I).^[5] Based on the identification of "Akalavarsha" (which was aRashtrakuta title) with the Rashtrakuta kingKrishna III, historian as D.C. Ganguly theorized that the Paramaras were descended from theRashtrakutas.^[6] Ganguly tried to find support for his theory inAin-i-Akbari, whose variation of the Agnikula myth (see below) states that a predecessor of the Paramaras came to Malwa fromDeccan.^[7] According toAin-i-Akbari, Dhanji - a man born from a fire sacrifice - came from Deccan to establish a kingdom in Malwa; when his descendant Putraj died heirless, the nobles established Aditya Ponwar - the ancestor of the Paramaras - as the new king.^[8] Ganguly also noted Siyaka's successorMunja (Vakpati II) assumed titles such asAmoghavarsha, Sri-vallabha andPrithvi-vallabha: these are distinctively Rashtrakuta titles.^[9]

However, there is a gap before the wordstasmin kule ("in that family") in the Harsola inscription, and therefore, Ganguly's suggestion is a pure guess in absence of any concrete evidence.^[10] Moreover, even if theAin-i-Akbari legend is historically accurate, Aditya Ponwar was not a descendant of Dhanji: he was most probably a local magnate rather than a native of Deccan.^[11][12] Critics of Ganguly's theory also argue that the Rashtrakuta titles in these inscriptions refer to Paramara rulers, who had assumed these titles to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the Rashtrakutas in the Malwa region.^[13] The Rashtrakutas had similarly adopted the titles such asPrithvi-vallabha, which had been used by the precedingChalukya rulers.^[13] HistorianDasharatha Sharma points out that the Paramaras claimed the mythicalAgnikula origin by the 10th century; if they had truly been descendants of the Rashtrakutas, they would not have forgotten their prestigious royal origin within a generation.^[9]

The later Paramara kings claimed to be members of theAgnikula or Agnivansha ("fire clan"). The Agnikula myth of origin, which appears in several of their inscriptions and literary works, goes like this: The sageVishvamitra forcibly took awish-granting cow from another sageVashistha on the Arbuda mountain (Mount Abu). Vashistha then conjured a hero from a sacrificial fire pit (agni-kunda), who defeated Vishvamitra's enemies and brought back the cow. Vashistha then gave the hero the title Paramara ("enemy killer").^[14] The earliest known source to mention this story is theNava-sahasanka-charita of Padmagupta Parimala, who was a court-poet of the Paramara kingSindhuraja (c. 997–1010).[15] The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara-era inscriptions or literary works. By this time, all the neighbouring dynasties claimed divine or heroic origin, which might have motivated the Paramaras to invent a legend of their own.^[16][13]

A legend mentioned in a recension ofPrithviraj Raso extended their Agnikula legend to describe other dynasties as fire-born Rajputs. The earliest extant copies ofPrithviraj Raso do not contain this legend; this version might have been invented by the 16th-century poets who wanted to foster Rajput unity against theMughal emperorAkbar.^[17] Somecolonial-era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest a foreign origin for the Paramaras. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Paramaras and other Agnivanshi Rajputs came to India after the decline of theGupta Empire around the 5th century CE. They were admitted in theHindu caste system after performing a fire ritual.^[18] However, this theory is weakened by the fact that the legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records, and even the earliest Paramara-era account does not mention the other dynasties as Agnivanshi.^[19]

Some historians, such as Dasharatha Sharma andPratipal Bhatia, have argued that the Paramaras were originallyBrahmins from the Vashisthagotra.^[7] This theory is based on the fact thatHalayudha, who was patronized by Munja, describes the king as "Brahma-Kshtra" inPingala-Sutra-Vritti. According to Bhatia this expression means that Munja came from a family ofBrahmins who becameKshatriyas.^[20] In addition, the Patanarayana temple inscription states that the Paramaras were of Vashisthagotra, which is a gotra among Brahmins claiming descent from the sage Vashistha.^[21] However, historian Arvind K. Singh points out that several other sources point to aKshatriya ancestry of the dynasty. For example, the 1211 Piplianagar inscription states that the ancestors of the Paramaras were "crest-jewel of the Kshatriyas", and thePrabha-vakara-charita mentions that Vakpati was born in the dynasty of a Kshatriya. According to Singh, the expression "Brahma-Kshatriya" refers to a learned Kshatriya.^[13]

D. C. Sircar theorized that the dynasty descended from theMalavas. However, there is no evidence of the early Paramara rulers being called Malava; the Paramaras began to be called Malavas only after they began ruling the Malwa region.^[7]

• 
  AChaulukya-Paramara coin,c. 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition ofChavda dynasty coins:Indo-Sassanian style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.^[22]
• 
  Coin of the Paramara kingNaravarman,c. 1094–1133. GoddessLakshmi seated facing / Devanagari legend.^[23]
• 
  Coin of the Paramara princeJagadeva, 12th-13th centuries CE.

Harsol

Kheda

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Places inGujarat where the earliest Paramara inscriptions (ofSiyaka II) have been discovered

Based on the Agnikula legend, some scholars such asC. V. Vaidya andV. A. Smith speculated that Mount Abu was the original home of the Paramaras. Based on the Harsola copper plates andAin-i-Akbari, D. C. Ganguly believed they came from the Deccan region.^[24]

The earliest of the Paramara inscriptions (that of Siyaka II) have all been discovered in Gujarat, and concern land grants in that region. Based on this, D. B. Diskalkar and H. V. Trivedi theorized that the Paramaras were associated with Gujarat during their early days.^[25] Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion. This theory is based on the combined analysis of two sources: theNava-sahasanka-charita, which states that the Paramara king Vairisimha cleared the Dhara city in Malwa of enemies; and the 945-946 CE Pratapgah inscription of the Gurjara-Prathiara king Mahendrapala, which states that he recaptured Malwa.^[26]

Whether or not the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas, they were most probably subordinates of the Rashtrakutas in the 9th century.^[13] Historical evidence suggests that between 808 and 812 CE, the Rashtrakutas expelled theGurjara-Pratiharas from theMalwa region. The Rashtrakuta kingGovinda III placed Malwa under the protection of Karka-raja, the Rashtrakuta chief ofLata (a region bordering Malwa, in present-day Gujarat).^[27] The 871 Sanjan copper-plate inscription of Govinda's sonAmoghavarsha I states that Govinda had appointed a vassal as the governor of Malwa. Since the Paramaras became the rulers of the Malwa region around this time, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that this vassal was the Paramara king Upendra,^[13] although there is no definitive proof of this. The start of the Paramara rule in Malwa cannot be dated with certainty, but they certainly did not rule the Malwa before the 9th century CE.^[27]

Siyaka is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. HisHarsola copper plate inscription (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription: it suggests that he was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas.^[5] The list of his predecessors varies between accounts:^[28][5]

Paramara is the dynasty's mythical progenitor, according to theAgnikula legend. Whether the other early kings mentioned in theUdaipur Prashasti are historical or fictional is a topic of debate among historians.^[29]

According toC. V. Vaidya andK. A. Nilakantha Sastri, the Paramara dynasty was founded only in the 10th century CE. Vaidya believes that the kings such as Vairisimha I and Siyaka I are imaginary, duplicated from the names of later historical kings in order to push back the dynasty's age.^[29] The 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription ofJayavarman II similarly names eight successors of Paramara as Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha,Jagaddeva, Sthirakaya and Voshari: these do not appear to be historical figures.^[30] HV Trivedi states that there is a possibility that Vairisimha I and Siyaka I of theUdaipur Prashasti are same as Vairisimha II and Siyaka II; the names might have been repeated by mistake. Alternatively, he theorizes that these names have been omitted in other inscriptions because these rulers were not independent sovereigns.^[5]

Several other historians believe that the early Paramara rulers mentioned in theUdaipur Prashasti are not fictional, and the Paramaras started ruling Malwa in the 9th century (as Rashtrakuta vassals). K. N. Seth argues that even some of the later Paramara inscriptions mention only 3-4 predecessors of the king who issued the inscription. Therefore, the absence of certain names from the genealogy provided in the early inscriptions does not mean that these were imaginary rulers. According to him, the mention of Upendra inNava-Sahasanka-Charitra (composed by the court poet of the later king Sindhuraja) proves that Upendra is not a fictional king.^[31] Historians such asGeorg Bühler andJames Burgess identify Upendra and Krishnaraja as one person, because these are synonyms (Upendra being anothername of Krishna). However, an inscription of Siyaka's successorMunja names the preceding kings as Krishnaraja, Vairisimha, and Siyaka. Based on this, Seth however identifies Krishnaraja with Vappairaja or Vakpati I mentioned in the Harsola plates (Vappairaja appears to be the Prakrit form of Vakpati-raja). In his support, Seth points out that Vairisimha has been calledKrishna-padanudhyata in the inscription of Munja i.e. Vakpati II. He theorizes that Vakpati II used the name "Krishnaraja" instead of Vakpati I to identify his ancestor, in order to avoid confusion with his own name.^[31]

The first independent sovereign of the Paramara dynasty wasSiyaka (sometimes called Siyaka II to distinguish him from the earlier Siyaka mentioned in theUdaipur Prashasti). The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta rulerKrishna III in his early days. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-soundingMaharajadhirajapati as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal.^[32]

As a Rashtrakuta feudatory, Siyaka participated in their campaigns against thePratiharas. He also defeated someHuna chiefs ruling to the north of Malwa.^[33] He might have suffered setbacks against theChandela kingYashovarman.^[34] After the death ofKrishna III, Siyaka defeated his successorKhottiga in a battle fought on the banks of theNarmada River. He then pursued Khottiga's retreating army to the Rashtrakuta capitalManyakheta, and sacked that city in 972 CE. His victory ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa.^[35]

Siyaka's successor Munja achieved military successes against theChahamanas of Shakambari, theChahamanas of Naddula, theGuhilas of Mewar, theHunas, theKalachuris of Tripuri, and the ruler ofGurjara region (possibly aGujarat Chaulukya orPratihara ruler).^[36] He also achieved some early successes against theWestern Chalukya kingTailapa II, but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE.^[37][38]

As a result of this defeat, the Paramaras lost their southern territories (possibly the ones beyond theNarmada River) to the Chalukyas.^[39] Munja was reputed as a patron of scholars, and his rule attracted scholars from different parts of India to Malwa.^[40] He was also a poet himself, although only a few stanzas composed by him now survive.^[41]

Munja's brotherSindhuraja (ruled c. 990s CE) defeated the Western Chalukya kingSatyashraya, and recovered the territories lost to Tailapa II.^[42] He also achieved military successes against aHuna chief, theSomavanshi ofsouth Kosala, theShilaharas ofKonkana, and the ruler ofLata (southern Gujarat).^[42] His court poet Padmagupta wrote his biographyNava-Sahasanka-Charita, which credits him with several other victories, although these appear to be poetic exaggerations.^[43]

Sindhuraja's sonBhoja is the most celebrated ruler of the Paramara dynasty. He made several attempts to expand the Paramara kingdom varying results. Around 1018 CE, he defeated theChalukyas of Lata in present-day Gujarat.^[44] Between 1018 CE and 1020 CE, he gained control of the northernKonkan, whose Shilahara rulers probably served as his feudatories for a brief period.^[45][46] Bhoja also formed an alliance against theKalyani Chalukya kingJayasimha II, withRajendra Chola andGangeya-devaKalachuri. The extent of Bhoja's success in this campaign is not certain, as both Chalukya and Paramarapanegyrics claimed victory.^[47] During the last years of Bhoja's reign, sometime after 1042 CE, Jayasimha's son and successorSomeshvara I invaded Malwa, and sacked his capitalDhara.^[42] Bhoja re-established his control over Malwa soon after the departure of the Chalukya army, but the defeat pushed back the southern boundary of his kingdom fromGodavari toNarmada.^[48][49]

Bhoja's attempt to expand his kingdom eastwards was foiled by theChandela kingVidyadhara.^[50] However, Bhoja was able to extend his influence among the Chandela feudatories, theKachchhapaghatas of Dubkund.^[51] Bhoja also launched a campaign against the Kachchhapaghatas ofGwalior, possibly with the ultimate goal of capturingKannauj, but his attacks were repulsed by their ruler Kirtiraja.^[52] Bhoja also defeated theChahamanas of Shakambhari, killing their rulerViryarama. However, he was forced to retreat by theChahamanas of Naddula.^[53] According to medieval Muslim historians, after sackingSomnath,Mahmud of Ghazni changed his route to avoid confrontation with a Hindu king named Param Dev. Modern historians identify Param Dev as Bhoja: the name may be a corruption of Paramara-Deva or of Bhoja's titleParameshvara-Paramabhattaraka.^[54][55] Bhoja may have also contributed troops to support theKabul Shahi rulerAnandapala's fight against theGhaznavids.^[56] He may have also been a part of the Hindu alliance that expelled Mahmud's governors fromHansi,Thanesar and other areas around 1043 CE.^[57][42] During the last year of Bhoja's reign, or shortly after his death, the Chaulukya kingBhima I and the Kalachuri kingKarna attacked his kingdom. According to the 14th-century author Merutunga, Bhoja died of a disease at the same time the allied army attacked his kingdom.^[58][59]

At its zenith, Bhoja's empire extended fromChittor in the north to upperKonkan in the south, and from theSabarmati River in the west toVidisha in the east.^[60] He was recognized as a capable military leader, but his territorial conquests were short-lived. His major claim to fame was his reputation as a scholar-king, who patronized arts, literature and sciences. Noted poets and writers of his time sought his sponsorship.^[61] Bhoja was himself a polymath, whose writings cover a wide variety of topics include grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry. Bhoja established theBhoj Shala which was a centre forSanskrit studies and a temple ofSarasvati in present-dayDhar. He is said to have founded the city ofBhojpur, a belief supported by historical evidence. Besides theBhojeshwar Temple there, the construction of three now-breached dams in that area is attributed to him.^[62] Because of his patronage to literary figures, several legends written after his death featured him as a righteous scholar-king.^[63] In terms of the number of legends centered around him, Bhoja is comparable to the fabledVikramaditya.^[64]

Bhoja's successorJayasimha I, who was probably his son,^[65] faced the jointKalachuri-Chaulukya invasion immediately after Bhoja's death.^[66]Bilhana's writings suggest that he sought help from the Chalukyas of Kalyani.^[67] Jayasimha's successor and Bhoja's brotherUdayaditya was defeated by Chamundaraja, his vassal atVagada. He repulsed an invasion by theChaulukya rulerKarna, with help from his allies. Udayaditya's eldest sonLakshmadeva has been credited with extensive military conquests in theNagpur Prashasti inscription of 1104-05 CE. However, these appear to be poetic exaggerations. At best, he might have defeated theKalachuris of Tripuri.^[68] Udayaditya's younger sonNaravarman faced several defeats, losing to theChandelas of Jejakabhukti and the Chaulukya kingJayasimha Siddharaja. By the end of his reign, one Vijayapala had carved out an independent kingdom to the north-east of Ujjain.^[69]

Yashovarman lost control of the Paramara capitalDhara to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His successorJayavarman I regained control of Dhara, but soon lost it to an usurper named Ballala.^[70] The Chaulukya kingKumarapala defeated Ballala around 1150 CE, supported by his feudatories theNaddula Chahamana rulerAlhana and theAbu Paramara chief Yashodhavala. Malwa then became a province of the Chaulukyas. A minor branch of the Paramaras, who styled themselves asMahakumaras, ruled the area aroundBhopal during this time.^[71] Nearly two decades later, Jayavarman's sonVindhyavarman defeated the Chaulukya king Mularaja II, and re-established the Paramara sovereignty in Malwa.^[72] During his reign, Malwa faced repeated invasions from theHoysalas and theYadavas of Devagiri.^[73] He was also defeated by the Chaulukya general Kumara.^[74] Despite these setbacks, he was able to restore the Paramara power in Malwa before his death.^[75]

Vindhyavarman's sonSubhatavarman invaded Gujarat, and plundered the Chaulukya territories. But he was ultimately forced to retreat by the Chaulukya feudatory Lavana-Prasada.^[76] His sonArjunavarman I also invaded Gujarat, and defeated Jayanta-simha (or Jaya-simha), who had usurped the Chaulukya throne for a brief period.^[77] He was defeated byYadava general Kholeshvara inLata.^[78]

South Asia
1250 CE

DELHI

SULTANATE

(MAMLUKS)

AHOM

LOHA
RAS

QARLUGHIDS

MARYUL

GUGE

SOOMRAS

MAKRAN
SULTANATE

MONGOL
EMPIRE

CHUDASAMAS

PARAMARAS

CHANDELAS

MEWAR

BUNDELAS

KHANGARS

JAISALMER

MARWAR

AMBER

KARNATAS

KAKATIYAS

CHODAS

EASTERN
GANGAS

YADAVAS

PANDYAS

CHOLAS

HOYSALAS

KADAMBAS

CHERAS

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The Paramaras and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1250 CE.^[79]

Arjunavarman was succeeded byDevapala, who was the son of Harishchandra, aMahakumara (chief of a Paramara branch).^[78] He continued to face struggles against the Chaulukyas and the Yadavas. TheSultan of DelhiIltutmish capturedBhilsa during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa.^[80][81] According to theHammira Mahakavya, he was killed by Vagabhata ofRanthambhor, who suspected him of plotting his murder in connivance with the Delhi Sultan.^[82]

During the reign of Devapala's sonJaitugideva, the power of the Paramaras greatly declined because of invasions from the Yadava king Krishna, the Delhi SultanBalban, and theVaghela prince Visala-deva.^[83] Devapala's younger sonJayavarman II also faced attacks from these three powers. Either Jaitugi or Jayavarman II moved the Paramara capital from Dhara to the hilly Mandapa-Durga (present-dayMandu), which offered a better defensive position.^[84]

Arjunavarman II, the successor of Jayavarman II, proved to be a weak ruler. He faced rebellion from his minister.^[85] In the 1270s, the Yadava rulerRamachandra invaded Malwa,^[86] and in the 1280s, theRanthambhor Chahamana rulerHammira also raided Malwa.^[87] Arjuna's successorBhoja II also faced an invasion from Hammira. Bhoja II was either a titular ruler controlled by his minister, or his minister had usurped a part of the Paramara kingdom.^[88]

Mahalakadeva, the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the army ofAyn al-Mulk Multani, a general ofAlauddin Khalji of theDelhi Sultanate, in 1305 CE.^[89][90]

According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."^[91]The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

An inscription fromUdaipur indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by theDelhi Sultanate by 1338.^[92]

Besides the Paramara sovereigns of Malwa, several branches of the dynasty ruled at various places. These include:

• Paramaras of Chandravati
  • Ruled the Arbuda-mandala (Mount Abu area)^[93]
  • Became feudatories of theChaulukyas of Gujarat by the 12th century^[94]
• Paramaras ofBhinmal-Kiradu
  • Branched off from the Paramaras of Chandravati^[95]
  • Like the Paramaras of Chandravati, they were connected to the Chaulukyas, and were subdued by the Chahamanas in the 12th century^[93]
• Paramaras ofJalor
  • Another branch of the Paramaras of Chandravati^[93]
  • Supplanted by theChahamanas of Jalor^[96]
• Paramaras ofVagada
  • Ruled atArthuna as feudatories of the Paramaras of Malwa^[97][93]
• Ujjainiyas ofBhojpur
  • The Rajas of Bhojpur belonged to theUjjainiya branch of the Paramaras. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bhojpur, several cadet families of this branch established many principalities in theBhojpur region. One of the most notable principality wasDumraon.^[98]
• Sodhas of Amarkot
  • The Amarkot Kingdom ruled by Sodha Rajputs was annexed by Jodhpur State in the 18th century, which caused the decay of power as the Sodha rulers became vassals.^[99]
• Gandhavariya ofMithila
  • They claimed to be descendants of King Vikramaditya of Malwa and Paramara dynasty. They ruled various principalities in the Mithila region.^[100][101]
• Nimbalkars ofPhaltan
  • Ruled atPhaltan as feudatories of Delhi Sultanate, Deccani Sultanate, Maratha Empire^[102]

The rulers of severalprincely states claimed connection with the Paramaras. Some of them are given below:

• Tehri Garhwal State: The Kingdom of Garhwal is said to have been founded by Kanakpal, a prince of Malwa. It was an independent Kingdom until 1804. However, Gorkhas invaded the Kingdom in 1804 and its ruler was forced to become aprincely state in 1816 under British protection. They only received less than half of the territory from the British after this alliance.^[103]
• Baghal State: It is said to have been founded by Ajab Dev Parmar, who came to present-dayHimachal Pradesh fromUjjain in the 14th century.^[104]
• Danta State: Its rulers claimed membership of the Parmar clan and descent from the legendary kingVikramaditya of Ujjain^[105]
• Muli State: Its rulers claimed Paramara descent, and are said to have started out as feudatories of theVaghelas.^[106]
• Rajgarh State: The rulers of Rajgarh belonged to the Umath branch of the Paramaras.^{[107][108][109]}
• Narsinghgarh State: The rulers of Narsinghgarh belonged to the cadet branch ofRajgarh State.^{[107][108][109]}
• Chhatarpur State: The rulers of Chhatarpur belonged to the older branch of Paramara dynasty. They initially were vassals to Bundela Kings.^[110]
• Dewas State (Senior and Junior): TheMaratha Puar rulers of these states claimed descent from the Paramara dynasty.^[111]
• Dhar State: Its founder Anand Rao Puar, who claimed Paramara descent, received a fief fromPeshwaBaji Rao I in the 18th century.^[112]

• Bhojshala
• Panwar Dynasty
• Bhojeshwar Temple
• Military career of Bhoja
• Harsola copper plates

Part ofa series on the
History ofSouth Asia
Outline Palaeolithic(2,500,000–250,000 BC) Madrasian culture Soanian culture Neolithic(10,800–3300 BC) Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC) Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC) Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC) Chalcolithic(3500–1500 BC) Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC) Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC) Pandu culture (1600–750 BC) Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC) Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC) Bronze Age(3300–1300 BC) Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BC)  –Early Harappan culture (3300–2600 BC)  –Mature Harappan culture (2600–1900 BC)  –Late Harappan culture (1900–1300 BC) Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BC)  –Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (2000–1600 BC)  –Swat culture (1600–500 BC) Iron Age(1500–200 BC) Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC)  –Janapadas (1500–600 BC)  –Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC)  –Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)  –Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC) Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC) Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC) Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600) Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC) Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC) Nanda Empire (380–321 BC) Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC) Maurya Empire (321–184 BC) Seleucid India (312–303 BC) Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD) Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345) Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102) Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279) Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800) Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500) Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224) Middle Kingdoms(230 BC – AD 1206) Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220) Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300) Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC) Shunga Empire (185–73 BC) Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10) Kanva Empire (75–26 BC) Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400) Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 –c. 130) Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 ) Kushan Empire (AD 60–240) Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350) Nagas of Padmavati (210–340) Sasanian Empire (224–651) Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360) Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500) Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600) Gupta Empire (280–550) Kadamba Empire (345–525) Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000) Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100) Vishnukundina Empire (420–624) Maitraka Empire (475–767) Huna Kingdom (475–576) Rai Kingdom (489–632) Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026) Chalukya Empire (543–753) Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700) Harsha Empire (606–647) Tibetan Empire (618–841) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075) Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Mallabhum kingdom (694–1947) Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736–916) Pala Empire (750–1174) Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982) Paramara Kingdom (800–1327) Yadava Empire (850–1334) Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110) Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244) Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189) Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320) Hoysala Empire (1040–1347) Sena Empire (1070–1230) Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434) Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323) Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766) Kalachuris of Tripuri (675–1210) Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184) Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673) Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300) Late medieval period(1206–1526) Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186) Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)  –Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)  –Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)  –Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)  –Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)  –Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526) Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779) Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448) Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803) Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947) Gajapati Empire (1434–1541) Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842) Deccan sultanates (1490–1596)  –Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)  –Berar sultanate (1490–1574)  –Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)  –Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)  –Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687) Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763) Koch Kingdom (1515–1947) Early modern period(1526–1858) Mughal Empire (1526–1858) Sur Empire (1540–1556) Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736) Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673) Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804) Bengal Subah (1576–1757) Marava Kingdom (1600–1750) Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975) Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948) Maratha Empire (1674–1818) Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799) Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947) Sikh Empire (1799–1849) Colonial states(1510–1961) Portuguese India (1510–1961) Dutch India (1605–1825) Danish India (1620–1869) French India (1759–1954) Company Raj (1757–1858) British Raj (1858–1947)
National histories Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
Regional histories Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Karnataka Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet
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• Paramara dynasty
• 9th-century establishments in India
• Rajput dynasties
• History of Malwa
• History of Ujjain

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