Paraíba is mostly populated along the Atlantic coast, which extends as far asPonta do Seixas, the easternmost point of the mainlandAmericas. The state is a tourist and industrial hotspot; it is known for its cultural heritage, amenable climate and geographical features, ranging from the seaside beaches to theBorborema Plateau. It is named after theParaíba river.
Before Europeans arrived in Brazil, the territory that is now the state of Paraíba was home to numerous indigenous tribes. Between the coast and theBorborema Plateau, the main indigenous group was thePotiguara (part of the largerTupi group), who lived along theParaíba do Norte river. TheKiriri andAriús groups, meanwhile, lived further to the west, occupying the region between the Borborema Plateau and thesertão.[5][6]
In 1500, the Portuguese explorerPedro Álvares Cabral reached the northeastern coast of Brazil and claimed the territory of Brazil for thePortuguese Empire as set out in theTreaty of Tordesillas. It was not until 1534, however, that colonization began, spurred on by the increasingFrench presence in the Northeast. In that same year, the King of Portugal,John III, divided Brazil into fifteencaptaincies. Most of what is now the state of Paraíba became part of theCaptaincy of Itamaracá, which comprised a thin band of area stretching from the Tordesillas line at the far western extremity to thePonta do Seixas, the easternmost point of Brazil. The remaining portions of the state fell under the neighboring captaincies of Rio Grande to the north and Pernambuco to the south. Itamaracá, in contrast toPernambuco, continued to be troubled by Frenchpiracy, especially of wood, animal skins, andamber.[7][8]
Convents, churches, and sugar mills began to sprout up in the captaincy as the colonial population grew. Where once the Portuguese had had a relatively conciliatory relationship with the Tupi people, due in part to their usefulness as allies against other European powers (the French, Dutch, and Spanish), as well as to other hostile indigenous peoples, the growth of the colonies sparked tensions. The principal reasons for heightened tensions were the encroachment of settlers on indigenous territory, driven by the establishment ofsugarcane plantations and the increasing nutritional needs of a larger population; the new compulsory labor relations imposed by the Portuguese, which implied the abandonment of the indigenous agricultural production system, essential for the survival of the villages; and the fact that though they were banned from attacking Portuguese settlements, their own villages were subject to attacks from settlers searching for slave labor.[9] Eventually, the tensions came to a head when the Potiguara people, urged on by the French, gathered around 2,000 tribesmen from Paraíba and Rio Grande and attacked the Tracunhaém plantation in 1574, killing all residents. The event had powerful reverberations inLisbon, leading toKing Henry creating the RoyalCaptaincy of Paraíba, which was subordinate directly to the Portuguese Crown.[7][8] The "Tragedy of Tracunhaém" also served as the trigger for thePotiguara War, which lasted from 1574 to 1599.
Coat of arms of the Captaincy of Paraíba
Though it was officially created in 1574, the Captaincy of Paraíba was only made reality eleven years after the fact. In 1572, Luís de Brito was named the governor-general of the country and the governor of the northern captaincies, including Itamaracá. He received from the King the order to punish those responsible for the Tracunhaém attack and create a new city to serve as the governor's seat. Brito's expedition, as well as the next three attempts, ended in failure. Finally, in 1584, the new governor-general, Manuel Teles Barreto, mounted a successful expedition with the help of the captain-major of the captaincy, Frutuoso Barbosa, and the fleet of Admiral D. Diogo Flores de Valdés.[10] At the time, eastern Paraíba was inhabited by the Potiguara people and their rivals, theTabajaras, who had moved there from the central region following a period of drought. The Tabajara joined the Portuguese and together they chased the Potiguara from the area, thereby completing their original mission. Having now conquered Paraíba, the colonists established the first Royal City in Brazil under thePhilippine Dynasty in 1585, named "Filipeia de Nossa Senhora das Neves" (today the capital of Paraíba,João Pessoa). Additionally, to repel French invaders, they constructed theForte de São Tiago on the edge of the Paraíba do Norte river.[7][8]
Owing to its lucrative sugarcane industry, the Captaincy of Paraíba proved to be one of the most economically successful regions in Portuguese America, alongside Pernambuco andBahia.[10] Because of this, the Dutch were interested in claiming the Northeast region and first attempted to do so in 1624 by seizing the then-capital city of Brazil,Salvador, in Bahia. Following their expulsion from Salvador, the Dutch made their first appearance on Paraíban territory on June 20, 1625,[11] when they arrived in theBay of Traição to treat their sick[12] and bury their dead.[11] The Dutch Admiral, Boudewijn Hendricksz, quickly formed an alliance with the Potiguaras, promising them protection in return for military support against the Portuguese.[11] The governor of Paraíba, Antônio de Albuquerque, sent troops to drive away the invaders. Seven companies of men from the Captaincy of Paraíba, the Captaincy of Pernambuco, the Captaincy of Rio Grande, and from indigenous tribes succeeded in defeating the Dutch on August 1, at least for the time being.[13] Hendricksz was able to escape, fleeing toPuerto Rico. During the battle, however, the Potiguaras suffered heavy losses of 600 to a thousand dead.[11][13]
On December 5, 1632, 1,600 Dutchmen landed on Paraíban shores. After undergoing fire from the Portuguese, they began digging trenches in front of theForte de Santa Catarina, located inCabedelo, 18 km away from the center of Filipeia de Nossa Senhora das Neves (João Pessoa). Despite this stand, the Dutch once again proved unable to seize Paraíba and they were forced to retreat to Pernambuco,[14][15] which they had already conquered in 1630.[16]
The Dutch attempted the invasion anew on November 25, 1634, with the arrival of a squadron of 29 ships on the coast of Paraíba. Though reinforcements were sent to Paraíba from as far as Europe to repel the Dutch, the Portuguese had already been too weakened, and allowed the Forte de Santa Catarina and the Forte de Santo Antônio to fall into the hands of the Dutch. The Dutch then went to Filipeia de Nossa Senhora das Neves in search of Governor Antônio de Albuquerque, who was in command of the Portuguese troops. On Christmas Eve, they entered the city, but did not find Albuquerque; instead, they found empty streets and abandoned homes, a shell of the former city. With that final nail in the coffin — despite some ongoing resistance from the local population —[14] the Dutch had finally conquered Paraíba. Afterthe Dutch invasion, the sugarcane economy, the principal industry of the region, was devastated, as many sugarcane plantations on the coast had been set on fire.[17] It was not until 1654, two decades later, that the Portuguese would finally retake Paraíba.[16]
Until 1670, colonial occupation of Paraíba had mostly been restricted to the east, near the coast, but from that point forward, colonists started pushing further into the interior.[17] Much of these efforts were carried out by fortune-seeking explorers calledbandeirantes, led byDomingos Jorge Velho. This expansion resulted in conflicts with the indigenous tribes of the region, including the enslavement and massacre of indigenous peoples.[17][18]
Western expansion was also spearheaded by Catholic missionaries, who sought to convert the local indigenous population. One of the most important missionaries of this time was the priest Martim Nantes, who founded the village ofPilar.[19]
On January 1, 1756, the Captaincy of Paraíba was dissolved and annexed to Pernambuco. This lasted until 1799, when it became the Captaincy of Paraíba again.[20] At this time, some minor adjustments were made to Paraíba's borders, with a portion of its northern territory being given toRio Grande do Norte.[21]
Throughout its history, Paraíba participated in various revolts. ThePernambuco Revolution of 1817 stands out as an example; inspired by theWar of Independence in theUnited States and theFrench Revolution, its objective was to make Brazil an independent country. From its origins in Pernambuco, the revolution spread to the entire Northeast. In Paraíba, the movement arose in the southern municipality of Itabaiana and fanned out to theagreste, sertão, and coast. The movement proved unsuccessful, though the struggle for independence continued on afterwards. The following five years (1818–1822) were marked by clashes between two rival factions: the cajás, also called patriots, who were revolutionaries, and the carambolas (realists), who were counterrevolutionaries.[22]
In 1822, Brazil finally became an independent country and Paraíba was turned into a province of theBrazilian Empire of KingPedro I. Two years later, Paraíba was implicated in theConfederation of the Equator, which was an anti-authoritarian movement that started in Pernambuco. The movement was suppressed by Imperial forces, with some of the leaders sentenced to execution.[22]
Inspired by thevarious revolutions that took place in Europe in 1848, thePraieira Revolt was organized in Pernambuco at the end of that same year. It arrived in Paraíba in February 1849, led by Maximiano Machado and Borges da Fonseca, demanding various social and economic reforms, such as land ownership changes, democracy, and freedom of the press.[22] The revolt only lasted for about five months and ended in failure. Three years later, in 1851, Paraíba and its neighboring provinces became involved in the Ronco da Abelha revolt. This revolt was a reaction to new modernization laws from the Imperial government that, it was falsely rumored, would enslave the lower-classes of workers in Paraíba now that theslave trade wasprohibited in Brazil.[23] Between the months of October and December 1874, Paraíba participated in theQuebra–Quilos revolt, which was instigated by the replacement of the measurement system in Brazil with themetric system. The uprising was mostly concentrated in rural areas and was characterized by several acts of violence, at the same time as the so-calledReligious Issue was gaining momentum. Paraíba also participated in theParaguayan War, with a force of three thousand men.[24]
In 1860, Paraíba had a population of about 212,000 people and suffered from several serious public health problems, including epidemics likecholera andyellow fever. One of the main causes of these issues was the lack of water in the largelysemi-arid climate of the province. In 1877, Paraíba was hit by the worstdrought in its history, accentuating poverty and prompting migration from the interior to the east.[24]
In November 1889, after the fall of the monarchical regime in Brazil and the institution of arepublic, Paraíba became a federal state. Venâncio Neiva became the first president — equivalent to the modern-day role of governor — of the state. Neiva served from 1889 to 1891, when he was deposed. The next president was a member of the Social Nationaist Party (PSN), Floriano Peixoto. The PSN governed Paraíba until 1908, when the Conservative Republican Party (PRC) won the elections.[25][26] The PRC then remained in power for an additional two decades, until the end of the Old Republic in 1930.
After the onset of theFirst World War (1914–1918), the economy of Paraíba entered a crisis, mainly due to the drop in exports of one of the main agricultural products of the state,cotton.[25] In the April 1919 federal election, the Paraíban candidateEpitácio Pessoa won; at the time, he was leading the Brazilian delegation at theParis Peace Conference. After returning to Brazil, he was sworn in as president on July 28, 1919, and remained in office until November 15, 1922.[27][28] It was during his government that Brazil celebrated its first centennial of independence.
Dissatisfied with the current oligarchical system, in February 1926 a rebel group called theColuna Prestes entered Paraíba. The group faced resistance from the local population as they traveled through cities in the hinterland, including inPiancó where a local political leader, Father Aristides Ferreira da Cruz, died during the clashes, becoming one of the Martyrs of Piancó.[29] The sertão was also home to other groups operating outside the law, namely thecangaço bandits (cangaceiros), the most well-known of which isVirgulino Ferreira da Silva (Lampião).
João Pessoa's mausoleum
In 1928,João Pessoa (the nephew of Epitácio Pessoa, the former president of Brazil) was elected as governor of Paraíba. Under his administration, cangaceiros in the interior of the state were persecuted and oligarchs were defied, generating discontent among the local landlords. This was especially the case with José Pereira Lima, a political leader of the municipality ofPrincesa Isabel and an ally of presidential candidateJúlio Prestes. With the invasion of the city ofTeixeira by the Paraíban police and the imminent invasion of Lima's own Princesa Isabel, on February 28, 1930, he proclaimed the independent "Território de Princesa", which would only be subordinate directly to the federal government.[30] The next day, the national election took place, with João Pessoa as the vice-presidential candidate forGetúlio Vargas. Though they had the support of the Liberal Alliance (Aliança Liberal), created by Paraíba together withMinas Gerais andRio Grande do Sul in the last year, they were defeated by Júlio Prestes andVital Soares.[31]
On July 26, 1930, João Pessoa was assassinated by João Duarte Dantas. Generating great national commotion, especially among the states of the Liberal Alliance,[32] the death of João Pessoa was one of the triggers of theBrazilian Revolution of 1930 that brought Vargas to power.[32][33][34] It also resulted in the weakening of the armed movement in Território de Princesa, which became a part of Paraíba again on August 11, 1930,[30][32] four days after João Pessoa was buried in the city ofRio de Janeiro. The state capital was then renamed to João Pessoa and, three weeks later, the current flag of Paraíba was adopted, representing Pessoa's stand against the presidency of Júlio Prestes.[35][36] Between the 1930 revolution and Vargas' fall from power in 1946, the state of Paraíba was governed by ten federal appointees, the first being Antenor de França Navarro (1930–1932) and the last being José Gomes da Silva (1946–1947).[37] Only in January 1947 did Paraíba start holding direct elections for the governorship again, with the first governor under the new president being Osvaldo Trigueiro (1947–1951).[38]
In 1964, acoup d'état by military forces deposed PresidentJoão Goulart from power and instituted amilitary dictatorship. Pedro Gondim, the governor of Paraíba, had been allied with Goulart, resulting in his mandate being revoked and his political rights being suspended for ten years by the new administration.[39] Among the local Paraíban population, opponents to the coup were arrested, exiled, tortured, or killed, with an amnesty only being granted in the late 1970s. The next few governors were all indirectly elected, either by the legislative assembly or the electoral college, until 1983 whenWilson Braga was democratically elected governor.[37] With theconstitution of 1988, Brazil returned to a democratic system of government.[40]
In 1997, the body of former president João Pessoa was transferred from Rio de Janeiro to the eponymous capital of Paraíba, where he was buried in a mausoleum built by the state government.[41]
In 2009, GovernorCássio Cunha Lima was impeached[42] after being elected two terms in a row.[43][44] As such, the runner-up of the previous elections,José Maranhão, who had already been governor from 1995 to 2002, was reappointed as governor of Paraíba.[45] Despite the confirmation of Lima's impeachment by theSuperior Electoral Court (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral), he ran again in 2014, though he lost to the former mayor of João Pessoa,Ricardo Coutinho, first elected in 2011.[46]
Between 2012 and 2017, Paraíba faced the worst drought in its recent history, which put more than 90% of Paraíba municipalities in a state of emergency and had significant ramifications for agriculture, electricity generation,[47] andwater supply.[48] In 2017, after years in the works, the east axis of the multi-billion dollarSão Francisco river transfer project was completed,[49] allowing for water to be diverted to the Paraíba do Norte river. The goal of the project — the largest water infrastructure project in Brazil's history — is to alleviate the impact of droughts and water shortages in the semi-arid regions of the Northeast.[50]
Paraíba, located in the eastern portion of the broader Northeast region, is one of 27states of Brazil. Its total area is 56,467.242 km2,[51] making it the seventh smallest state in the country and the fourth smallest in the Northeast.[52] The distance between its north and south extremities is 263 kilometers, and that of its east and west extremities is 443 kilometers.[53] On average, the state sits at a relatively low elevation, with its highest elevations found in theBorborema Plateau in the center of the state. The highest peak in Paraíba and the third highest peak in the Northeast, Pico do Jabre, is located in this plateau at 1,208 meters above sea level.[54]
There are 11river basins in Paraíba, the largest of which is the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu river basin, which feeds six sub-basins and covers an area of approximately 26,047.49 km2, followed by theParaíba river basin, which feeds four sub-basins and covers an area of approximately 20,071.83 km2.[53]
The majority of Paraíba is considered to have a hotsemi-arid climate, with almost 98% of its territory included in the so-called "Polygon of Drought."[55] Parts of the state that do not fall into this category, namely the far east and far west, have atropical climate.
Paraíba goes throughwet anddry seasons, with most of its rain falling in the first third of the year, especially in March and April. However, in the east, including the coast and theagreste mesoregion, most rainfall occurs from April to June.[56][57]
In the entire state, the period from October to December is the hottest and driest of the year, whereas June to August is the coldest, with temperatures in some areas reaching below 20 °C.[56]Areia, located in the agreste, is the coldest city of the state whilePatos, located in thesertão, is the hottest.[58] A record low temperature of 7.7 °C was recorded in the city ofMonteiro on July 28, 1976.[59][60]
In 1987, a team led bygemstone prospector Heitor Dimas Barbosa uncoveredtourmaline crystals in the Batalha mine, about 50 km away from Patos.[61] A trace ofcopper gives the tourmalines a vividturquoise color that is sometimes referred to as "neon".[62]
A paraiba tourmaline and diamond ring in platinum
The neon Paraíba tourmaline has also been found in the neighboring state ofRio Grande do Norte. In the early 2000s, tourmaline gems containing copper and bearing similar colors were found inNigeria andMozambique.[63]
Initially, the nomenclature for this tourmaline was "Paraíba tourmaline". In 2006, the LMHC (Laboratory Manual Harmonization Committee) agreed that "Paraíba" should be simplified to "paraiba" and should refer to a variety of tourmaline instead of indicating a geographic origin.[64] The term "paraiba tourmaline" may now refer to gems found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique that contain copper and have the characteristic fluorescent blue-green color.
The stone has since become among the most sought-after gemstones on the market, yielding upwards of $50,000+ per carat.[65] These tourmalines are often subject to heat-treatment and clarity enhancement to achieve a more desirable color. A lack of these treatments often increases the value of the stone.
According to the2022 census, there were 3,974,687 people residing in the state, with a population density of 70.4 inhabitants/km2.Other numbers include:Urbanization rate: 75.4% (2010),Population growth: 0.8% (1991–2000) andHouses: 987,000 (2006).[66][67]
The 2022 census also revealed the following figures relatingethnicity: 2,207,880Brown (Multiracial) people (55.5%), 1,419,778White people (35.7%), 316,572Black people (8.0%), 25,478Amerindian people (0.6%) and 4,912Asian (0.1%) people.[68]
Among people of mixed ancestry the White, Amerindian and African altogether combination is the most prevalent one, followed bycaboclo,mulato andzambo.[69]
According to the 2010 census, the population of Paraíba is made up ofRoman Catholics (76.96%),Protestants (15.16%), Spiritists (0.62%),Jehovah's Witnesses (0.47%),Brazilian Apostolic Catholics (0.22%),Mormons (0.11%), Orthodox Christians (0.05%), Candomblecists (0.035%), Umbanda (0.029%), Esoteric (0.023%), Jewish (0.017%), Eastern religious (0.014%), indigenous traditions ( 0.010%), spiritualists (0.004%), Islamic (0.002%), Hindus (0.002%) and Afro-Brazilian religious (0.001%), in addition to other religiosities. There were also those without religion (5.661%), including atheists (0.106%) and agnostics (0.046%); people with indeterminate religion and/or multiple belonging (0.154%); those who did not know (0.154%) and did not declare (0.016%).[71][72]
Portuguese is the official and only language spoken in the state and thus the primary language taught in schools. However, significantdialectal differences regarding other Brazilian varieties are present, although mainly phonological (Northeastern accent).
The Paraíba economy is largely based upon the making ofshoes and otherleather products, the raising ofcattle forbeef, andsugarcane,corn. Though historically sugarcane has dominated the Paraíbaagricultural sector,pineapple,corn, andbeans cultivation are also widespread. The other important economical sector in the state is tourism, especially the state urban and unspoilt beaches, ecotourism and festivals such as "carnaval" and "São João."
Located in the municipality of Bayeux, eightkilometres (5.0 mi) from downtownJoão Pessoa,Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport is currently undergoing expansion and remodeling work, which will raise the terminal's annual capacity to 860 thousand passengers.The airport is well located in relation to obstacles because it covers an area roughly 65 metres (213 feet)above sea level and is sufficiently distant from urban areas or large real estate developments.[citation needed]
The surrounding area is sparsely populated, with large open spaces. The existing developments are industrial with some small weekend country houses. There is no rough terrain or tall buildings nearby creating obstacles for takeoffs and landings.The airport also is blessed with excellent climatic conditions for air operations. Moreover, within its approach radius there are no obstacles that can hinder or create risk for local air traffic. Named for a past president (former name for governors) of Paraíba, Castro Pinto, the airport operates round the clock.[citation needed]
The current passenger terminal, built in an area of 8,947.72square metres (96,312.46square feet), has two levels, gardens and ample vehicle parking. It has all the expected amenities: arrival and departure lounges, a main concourse, check-in counters, baggage storage lockers, airline counters, snack bar/restaurant,tourist information booth, car rental agencies,taxi service and private parking.[citation needed]
The BR-101 also the BR-230 are found in Paraíba . Several other roads also cross the state composing the complex net which is present all across the country.[citation needed]
Located in the interior of the state of Paraíba, in the city ofCampina Grande, João Suassuna Airport was remodeled in 2003, receiving a new terminal with capacity of 250 thousand passengers a year.
The old building was demolished and on the site a new facility was built holding nine shops, the main concourse, arrival and departure lounges, VIP lounge, bathrooms, mezzanine and a diaper-changing area.
The terminal area was increased to 2,500 square metres (27,000square feet). The boarding area has 350 square metres (3,800 square feet) and the parking lot has spaces for 180 cars.
This expansion benefited the city both economically and from the standpoint oftourism. With the possibility for new flights, the air cargo movement will be able to grow, along with the number of tourists coming to attend the city'sSão João Festival.A panel measuring 17 by 3.5 metres (56 by 11 feet) in the front of the building carries a poem by the Paraíban writer Ariano Suassuna, in homage to his father, for whom the airport is named. Three more artworks are on permanent display in the passenger terminal.[citation needed]
Festa Junina was introduced to NortheasternBrazil by thePortuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated asMidsummer Day in severalEuropean countries), on the 24th of June, is one of the oldest celebrations of the year. Differently, of course, from what happens on the EuropeanMidsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during thesummer solstice but during thewinter solstice. The festivities traditionally begin after the 12th of June, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there arebonfires,fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe). Once exclusively a rural festival, today in Brazil, it is largely a city festival during which people joyfully and theatrically mimic peasant stereotypes and clichés in a spirit of jokes and good times. Typical refreshments and dishes are served. Like during Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing), such as what happens onMidsummer and St John's Day in Europe, andbonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil.
The four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday iscarnival time inBrazil. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they party in the streets.
Due toMilk Coffee Politics in Brazil, thepresident of the country always alternated between someone from the state ofMinas Gerais and someone from the state ofSão Paulo. In 1929, the incumbent president from São Paulo,Washington Luís, was supposed to support a politician from Minas Gerais as the next president, but he instead decided to nominate someone from São Paulo for the second time in a row,Júlio Prestes. The state governor of Paraíba,João Pessoa Cavalcânti de Albuquerque, refused to support the appointment of Júlio Prestes, and in 1930, Pessoa joined the alliance for the overthrow of the federal government. The revolution succeeded in toppling the Old Republic and installingGetúlio Vargas—who was from neither Minas Gerais nor São Paulo—as the president of Brazil, however, João Pessoa was assassinated; there is still debate as to whether the motive behind his murder was personal, political, or both. Following these events, the wordnego was added to the flag of Paraíba.[74]
According to the official government site of the state of Paraíba, the red color stands for the blood of João Pessoa after his assassination, while the black color represents mourning.
^abOliveira, Elza Regis de; Menezes, Mozart Vergetti de; Lima, Maria da Vitória Barbosa, eds. (2001).Catálogo de Documentos Manuscritos Avulsos referentes à capitania da Paraíba, existentes no Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino de Lisboa. Ed. Universitária (UFPB).
^Fundação José Augusto (2016-03-07)."Domínio Holandês"(PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Fundação José Augusto. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-12-28. Retrieved2016-12-27.
^abDonato, Hernâni (1996).Dicionário das batalhas brasileiras (in Brazilian Portuguese) (2 ed.).São Paulo: Ibrasa. p. 549.
^abLeandro de Lima Lira."História da Paraíba"(PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Polícia Militar da Paraíba. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2009-08-23. Retrieved2013-06-08.
^"História da Paraíba" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Portal Paraíba Total. Retrieved2013-06-09.
^Confraria do IAHGP (1919).Revista, volume 21, edições 103-106 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano (IAHGP).
^abRoberto Megna Francisco, Paulo (2017)."Climatologia do Estado da Paraiba"(PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). EDITORA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE CAMPINA GRANDE. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2023-06-18.
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