Pará (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation:[paˈɾa]) is astate ofBrazil, located innorthern Brazil and traversed by the lowerAmazon River. It borders the Brazilian states ofAmapá,Maranhão,Tocantins,Mato Grosso,Amazonas andRoraima. To the northwest are the borders ofGuyana andSuriname, to the northeast of Pará is theAtlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city isBelém, which is located at theMarajó bay, near the estuary of the Amazon river. The state, which is home to 4.1% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for just 2.2% of the BrazilianGDP.
Every October, Belém receives tens of thousands oftourists for the year's most important religious celebration: the procession of theCírio de Nazaré. Another important attraction of the capital is the Marajó-style ceramics, based on the vanishedMarajoara culture, which developed on that very large island in the Amazon River.
The state's name is atoponym of theTupi wordpará – literally "sea", but sometimes used to refer to large rivers.[4] The state was named after the river of the same name, thePará River, one of the tributaries of theAmazon River.
In 1500, the Spanish navigatorVicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first European to navigate the mouth of the Amazon River.[5] On 26 August 1542, the SpaniardFrancisco de Orellana reached the mouth of the Amazon River waterway, by river from Quito, Ecuador.[6] On 28 October 1637, the PortuguesePedro Teixeira left Belém and went to Quito: during the expedition, he placed a landmark in the confluence of the Napo and Aguarico, in the current border between Ecuador and Peru, to Portugal, and later to Brazil, getting the possession of most of the Amazon, including all of the current territory of Pará.[6]
Fort of the Nativity (Forte do Presépio), in Belém city, Brazil.
Marajoara funerary urn (1000-1250)
Archaeologists divide the ancient inhabitants of prehistory Brazil into groups according to their way of life and tools: hunter-gatherers of the coast and farmers. These groups were subsequently named by European settlers as "Indians". There are archaeological records proving the human presence in Brazil and the region ofSantarém since 3000 BC.
Marajó people lived in farmers' huts or houses 3,500 years ago. These people knew ceramics, dyes, natural medicinal compounds; practicedslash-and-burn (to clear the land); and planted cassava. A reminder of their culture remains in Marajoara pottery, which has peculiar size and decoration. The period from 500 to 1300 was the height of the Marajoara culture.
The region of the Amazon valley, by theTreaty of Tordesillas (1494), was in possession of the Spanish Crown, the Portuguese expeditionaries, with the purpose of consolidating the region as Portuguese territory, founded the Fort of the Nativity (Forte do Presépio) in 1616, inSanta Maria de Belém do Grão-Pará (Saint Mary of Bethlehem of the Great Pará). The building was the first of the model onAmazon and the most significant in the Amazon territory until 1660. Despite the construction of fort, the occupation of territory was marked by early Dutch and English incursions in search of spices, hence the need of the Portuguese to fortify the area.[5]
In the 17th century, the region, integrated into thecaptaincy of Maranhão, was prosperous with crops and livestock. In 1616 the captaincy of Grão-Pará was created, belonging to the Portuguese colonial state of Maranhão. In the same year the state of Grão-Pará and Maranhão transferred capital toBelém, forming and attaching the captaincy of Rio Negro in 1755 by creating theState of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro.
In 1751, with the expansion to the west, the colonial state of Grão-Pará, which besides the captaincy of Grão Pará would host the captaincy of São José do Rio Negro (today theState of Amazonas).
In 1823, the Pará decided to join the independent Brazil, which had been separated during the colonial period, reporting directly to Lisbon. However, political infighting continued. The most important of them, theCabanagem (1835), decreed the independence of the province of Pará. This was, along with theRagamuffin War, the only to lift theregency period when the power was taken. Cabanagem was the only revolt led by the popular strata.
Cabanagem, a popular and social revolt during theEmpire of Brazil, in theAmazon region, was influenced by the French Revolution. It was mainly due to extreme poverty, hunger and disease that devastated the Amazon at the beginning of the period, in the former province of Grão-Pará, which included the currentAmazonian states of Pará,Amazonas,Amapá,Roraima andRondônia. The revolt spread from 1835 until January 1840, due to the process of independence of Brazil (1822), which did not occur immediately in the province due to political irrelevance to which the region was relegated by Prince RegentPedro I. After independence, the strong Portuguese influence remained stable, giving political irrelevance in this province to the Brazilian central government.
Indians, blacks, and mestizos (mostly poor class members), all named cabanos (cabins), teamed against the Regent Government and rebelled, to increase the importance of the region in Brazil's central government addressing the issue of poverty as one of the reasons. All lived in mud huts (hence the name of the revolt).[7] At the bottom of the rebellion, there was a mobilization of the Brazilian Empire against the reactionary forces of the province of Grão-Pará in expelling the insurgents who wanted to keep the region as a Portuguese colony or territory independent. Many of the local leaders, who resented the lack of political participation in decisions of the centralizer of the Brazil government, contributed to the climate of dissatisfaction against the provincial government.
After the revolt, the local economy grew rapidly during the 19th century and early 20th century by exploitation of rubber, the latex, by extracting it. At this period the Amazon experienced two distinct economic cycles with the exploitation of the same raw material.
The intendant Antônio Lemos was the main character of the urban transformation that Belém experienced, which came to be known as Paris n’America (Paris in America), as a reference to the influence of the urbanization that Paris had experienced at the time, which served as the inspiration for Antônio Lemos.
During this period, for example, the city center was heavily lined with mango trees transported from India and development inspired by the model of Paris. With the decline of the two cycles of rubber (1870–1920 and 1940–1945),[8] came a distressing economic stagnation, which stopped in the 1960s and 1970s,[9] with the development of agricultural activities in the south of the state. From the decade of 1960s, but mainly in the 1970s, growth was accelerating with the exploitation of minerals mainly in the southeastern region of the state, as with iron extraction in theSerra dos Carajás and theSerra Pelada gold.[10]
The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remainingrainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tracts oftropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-richbiome, and tropical forests in theAmericas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.[11] As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleledbiodiversity. More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest[12] The largestbiodiversity of theplanet is present across the state of Pará.
According to theIBGE of 2022, there were 8,120,131 people residing in the state. The population density was 6.52 inhabitants per square kilometre (16.9/sq mi).Urbanization: 75.2% (2006);Population growth: 2.5% (1991–2000);Houses: 1,754,000 (2006).[13]
The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 5,673,446Brown (Multiracial) people (69.9%), 1,570,281White people (19.3%), 793,621Black people (9.8%), 69,180Amerindian people (0.9%), 12,432Asian people (0.2%).[14]
Pará has attracted numerous Portuguese, Spanish, and Japanese immigrants. They have told their stories in a permanent space, the "Room Vicente Salles" of the "Memorial of the People", inBelém. The Portuguese colonists were followed by Spaniards fleeing wars and social unrest due to political disputes in the Iberian Peninsula. The Japanese have become established in agrarian communities, settling in towns such asTomé-Açu.
Portuguese explorers and missionaries settled in the state in the 17th century. In January 1616, the Portuguese captain,Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco began the occupation of the land, founding the Fort of the Nativity, nucleus of the future state capital. Portuguese religious missions were used to establish settlements between here and the Fort St. Louis of Maranhão. Most settlers sailed up the Amazon River as travel overland was extremely arduous. The Portuguese were the first to arrive in Pará, leaving contributions ranging from cuisine to architecture.
The firstJapanese immigrants who settled in the Amazon left thePort of Kobe in Japan, on July 24, 1926, and reached the city ofTomé-Açu, on 22 September of that year, with stops inRio de Janeiro andBelém.
The Japanese introduced crops such as jute and black pepper in the 1930s; jute was so successful that it drove a boom in the regional economy. In the 1970s, Japanese farmers introduced cultivation of Hawaiian papaya and melon, for which there is international demand. The third largest ethnic Japanese community in Brazil is in Pará, with about 13,000 inhabitants (surpassed only by settlements in the states of São Paulo and Paraná). They live mainly in the cities of Tomé-Açu, Santa Izabel do Pará, andCastanhal.
Italian immigrants in Pará came predominantly from the south of Italy, originating inCalabria, Campania and Basilicata. It was a time of a wave of emigration. They were all settlers and devoted to trade. The first Italian trade was recorded in 1888 in Santarém. The immigrants planted family roots in Belém,Breves,Abaetetuba,Óbidos,Oriximiná, Santarém and Alenquer. The presence in western Pará was so pronounced that the Consulate of Italy established an office in Óbidos, which is the largest city populated by Italians in the state. The consulate was in Recife, Pernambuco.
In Belém, the Italians worked in commercial and retail services. They were important during the beginning of the industrialization of the state capital (1895). According to the 1920 census, about 1,000 Italians lived in Pará. At the end ofWorld War II, another wave of Italian immigrants arrived after the persecution of Japanese, Italians, and Germans. Similar to French immigrants, this wave of Italians did not remain in Pará.
Lebanese immigrants arrived in Pará in the mid-19th century, at the time of the rubber boom, and through 1914. There were between 15,000 and 25,000 Syrian-Lebanese immigrants, of whom one-third went to Acre. In Pará, the Lebanese settled in Belém, and in the cities of Cametá,Marabá, Altamira, Breves, Monte Alegre, Alenquer, Santarém, Óbidos, Soure, Maracanã, Abaetetuba, among others.
The first French immigrants arrived in Brazil in the second half of the 19th century, settling in the colony of Benevides, the metropolitan region ofBelém do Pará. The French were attracted to the region because of the rubber boom, eventually settling in Belém, which became known asParis N'América.
Belém is the most important education centre of the state.
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are part of the officialhigh school curriculum.
The mining sector represents 14% of thegross domestic product (GDP) of the state, originated mainly from the extraction ofiron,bauxite,manganese,limestone andtin, as well as gold, until recently extracted from one of the largestmines of recent history:Serra Pelada. The economy of Pará is based also on the extraction of vegetation, onagriculture and cattle raising. Thanks to the richsoil and the important hydrographic basin – boats are the main means oftransport in the region.Guaraná, a tree from which a powder is produced and used as a stimulant, and annatto seeds, afruit used for cooking, as a sunscreen and for dye extraction.Marajó – the biggest fluvial-maritime island in the world, with an area of 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi). Its territory has one of the largest mining areas in the country, in theCarajás Mountains, a mining province where theFerro Carajás Project is based, from CompanhiaVale do Rio Doce. The complex produced 296 million metric tons of iron ore in 2007,[16] exporting the product to many countries, among themJapan, Germany,Italy, France and Spain.
Incassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Pará was the largest producer in the country, with 3.8 million tons.[17]
In 2019, Pará produced 95% ofaçaí in Brazil. The state traded more than 1.2 million tons of the fruit, worth more than US$1.5 billion, about 3% of the state's GDP.[18]
In 2018, Pará was the largest Brazilian producer ofpineapple, with 426 million fruits harvested on almost 19 thousand hectares. In 2017, Brazil was the 3rd largest producer in the world (close to 1.5 billion fruits harvested on approximately 60 thousand hectares). It is the fifth most cultivated fruit in the country. The southeast of Pará has 85% of the state production: the cities of Floresta do Araguaia (76.45%), Conceição do Araguaia (8.42%) and Salvaterra (3.12%) led the ranking this year. Floresta do Araguaia also has the largest concentrated fruit juice industry in Brazil, exporting to European Union, United States and Mercosur.[19][24]
Pará is also one of the largest Brazilian producers ofcoconut. In 2019, it was the 3rd largest producer in the country, with 191.8 million fruits harvested, second only to Bahia and Ceará.[22]
Pará is the 2nd largest Brazilian producer ofblack pepper, with 34 thousand tons harvested in 2018.[21]
TheBrazil nut has always been one of the main products of extraction in Northern Brazil, with collection on the forest floor. However, in recent decades, the commercial cultivation of Brazil nut was created. There are already properties with more than 1 million chestnut trees for large-scale production. The annual production averages in Brazil varied between 20 thousand and 40 thousand tons per year in 2016.[25][26]
In the production ofcocoa, Pará has been competing withBahia for the leadership of Brazilian production. In 2017 Pará obtained the leadership for the first time. In 2019, people from Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Bahia's cocoa area is practically three times larger than that of Pará, but Pará's productivity is practically three times greater. Some factors that explain this are: the crops in Bahia are more extractivist, and those in Pará have a more modern and commercial style, in addition to paraenses using more productive and resistant seeds, and their region providing resistance toWitch's broom.[20][27]
In 2018, Pará occupied the 6th national position in thebanana production.[28]
In 2018, Pará had the 5th largestcattle herd in Brazil, with 20.6 million head of cattle. The city ofSão Félix do Xingu is the largest in the country, with 2.2 million animals. Marabá is the 6th largest city in the country in numbers, with 1 million animals. In the ranking of the 20 main herds, Pará has seven names. Part of this is due to the fact that the municipalities of Pará have gigantic territory.[29]
In 2017, in theiron ore sector, Pará was the 2nd largest national producer, with 169 million tons (of the 450 million produced by the country), at a value of R$25.5 billion. Incopper, Pará produced almost 980 thousand tons (of the 1.28 million tons in Brazil), at a value of R$6.5 billion. Inaluminum (bauxite), Pará carried out almost all Brazilian production (34.5 of 36.7 million tons) at a value of R$3 billion. Inmanganese, Pará produced a large part of Brazilian production (2.3 of 3.4 million tons) at a value of R$1 billion. Ingold, Pará was the 3rd largest Brazilian producer, with 20 tons at a value of R$940 million. Innickel, Goiás and Pará are the only two producers in the country, with Pará being the 2nd in production, having obtained 90 thousand tons at a value of R$750 million. Intin, Pará the 3rd largest producer (4.4 thousand tons, at a value of R$114 million). Pará had 42.93% of the value of commercialized mineral production in Brazil, with almost R$38 billion.[30]
Due to the proximity of the iron ore mines,Siderúrgica Norte Brasil (Sinobras) was created inMarabá. In 2018, the company produced 345 thousand tons of crude steel, of the 35.4 million produced in the country.[31]
Pará had in 2017 an industrial GDP of R$43.8 billion, equivalent to 3.7% of the national industry. It employs 164,989 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Extraction of metallic minerals (46,9%), Industrial Public Utility Services, such as Electricity and Water (23.4%), Construction (14.8%), Metallurgy (4.3%) and Food (4.3%). These 5 sectors concentrate 93.7% of the state's industry.[32]
Belém International Airport (BEL) is 10 km from the center of Belém. Currently it serves demand of 2.7 millionpassengers a year, in a constructed area of 33,255.17 square meters (357,955.7 sq ft). Traditionally called Val-de-Cães Airport, the airport was considered one of the 10 best in the world according to a survey carried out in 2023.[33]
ThePort ofBelém has restaurants, art galleries, a smallbrewery,ice-cream shops, artisan stands, regional food kiosks,coffee houses, a space for fairs and events, a theatre for 400 spectators, and a touristic harbour.[34]
Belém provides visitors and residents with sport activities.
TheMangueirãostadium architectural project is from August 1969. In 2002, 24 years after its inauguration,Mangueirão was reinaugurated as an Olympic stadium of Pará. The visiting capacity of the stadium is at around 50,000.[35]
Pará is mentioned in season 4, episode 6 ofAmerican television showHouse.House is brought in to consult with theCIA about a patient. His final diagnosis isselenium poisoning from eating "castanhas-do-Pará," literally "chestnuts of Pará" inBrazilian Portuguese, akaBrazil nuts.[38][39]
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