In theCatholic Church, aconsistory is a formal meeting of theCollege of Cardinals called by thepope. There are two kinds of consistories, extraordinary and ordinary.[1] An "extraordinary" consistory is held to allow the pope to consult with the entire membership of the College of Cardinals. An "ordinary" consistory is ceremonial in nature and is normally attended by cardinals resident in Rome. For example, the pope elevates newcardinals to the College at a consistory;[2]Pope Francis called consistories for ceremonies ofcanonization; and Pope Benedict announced his decision to retire in 2013 at a consistory.[3][4]
A meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect a new pope is not a consistory, but aconclave.
The termconsistory comes from theLatin:con-sistere; "stand together".[5] Early popes conferred with their Roman presbytery which included thedeacons appointed to oversee different parts ofRome. This tradition continued as deacons were replaced with cardinals and those cardinals (from among whom the pope was chosen) continued to meet at the request of successive popes.[citation needed]
Consistories became an opportunity for the pope to decide matters of state and dispense justice directly, with the support and advice of Roman bishops and those bishops from other regions who happened to be in Rome.Pope Leo IV ordered that consistories be held twice weekly.Pope John VIII relaxed that edict slightly and an order of twice-monthly consistories.[5] With theGregorian Reform, the Church limited outside influences on the papacy and the selection of popes, and the power of cardinals increased. Tradition developed that the pope would use consistories (closer to twice-yearly by the 17th century) to reveal a list of those that were to be elevated to the rank of cardinal.[citation needed]
Eventually, responsibility for matters of justice was transferred to theRoman Rota and the functions of the Church were transferred to theRoman Curia reducing the need for regular consistories. Subsequently, consistories became primarily ceremonial in function.[5]
Since 2016, Pope Francis summoned fewer consistories of all cardinals than some of his papal predecessors had done. Disquiet over the lack of consistories was due to their being one of the few official occasions for future members of a papal conclave to meet and get to know each other.[6]
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At a consistory for the creation of cardinals, the pope creates newcardinals in the presence of a number of, if not all, extant cardinals. Though the names of the new cardinals have typically been announced in advance, they only formally become cardinals at the consistory, when the pope formally publishes the decree of elevation, even if the new cardinal is not present.[a]
New cardinals present are presented with their rings,zucchetto (small skullcaps), andbiretta (four-cornered silk hats) by the pope.[b]
The zucchetto and the biretta arescarlet, the distinctive color of cardinals' vesture.
At the consistory, new cardinals, with certain exceptions, are assignedtitular churches in theDiocese of Rome.[c]
Benedict used a consistory on 11 February 2013 to announce, in Latin, that he wouldretire as pope effective 28 February 2013.
Pope Benedict XVI created cardinals atfive consistories, with the last before he resigned held in November 2012.[7] In 2007 and 2010, he held day-long meetings with the entire College, the cardinals designate, and various advisers, on the day preceding the consistory of creation.
Pope Francis followed this custom for his first two consistories.[8] His 2014 consistory for creating new cardinals was preceded by an extraordinary consistory where CardinalWalter Kasper gave an address designed to launch the discussions of the Synod on the Family held later in the year. In 2015 a similar extraordinary consistory—held immediately prior to a consistory to create cardinals—discussed reform of the Roman Curia.[9] Francis created cardinals atten consistories at roughly annual intervals, with the last in December 2024, a few months before his death.[10]Pope Leo XIV held the first consistory of his papacy on 13 June 2025, where he announced the canonization dates of nine Blesseds.[11]
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