Papal bulls have been in use at least since the 6th century, but the phrase was not used until around the end of the 13th century, and then only internally for unofficial administrative purposes. However, it had become official by the 15th century, when one of the offices of theApostolic Chancery was named the "register of bulls" ("registrum bullarum").[1]
By the accession ofPope Leo IX in 1048, a clear distinction developed between two classes of bulls of greater and less solemnity. The majority of the "great bulls" now in existence are in the nature of confirmations of property or charters of protection accorded to monasteries and religious institutions. In anera when there was much fabrication of such documents, those who procured bulls fromRome wished to ensure that the authenticity of their bull was above suspicion. A papal confirmation, under certain conditions, could be pleaded as itself constituting sufficient evidence of title in cases where the original deed had been lost or destroyed.[1]
Since the 12th century, papal bulls have carried a leaden seal with the heads of the apostlesSaint Peter andSaint Paul on one side and the pope's name on the other. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but by the 13th century, papal bulls were only used for the most formal or solemn of occasions.[2]Papyrus seems to have been used almost uniformly as the material for these documents until the early years of the eleventh century, after which it was rapidly superseded by a rough kind ofparchment.[1]
Modern scholars have retroactively used the word "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of adecree orprivilege, solemn or simple, and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used for any papal document that contains a metal seal.
Today, the bull is the only written communication in which the pope will refer to himself as "Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei" ("Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God").[3]
While papal bulls always used to bear a metal seal, they now do so only on the most solemn occasions. A papal bull is today the most formal type of public decree orletters patent issued by theVatican Chancery in the name of the pope.
A bull's format formerly began with one line in tall, elongated letters containing three elements: the pope's name, the papal title "Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei" ("Bishop,Servant of the Servants of God"), and itsincipit, i.e., the first fewLatin words from which the bull took its title for record-keeping purposes, but which might not be directly indicative of the bull's purpose.
The body of the text was often very simple in layout, and it had no specific conventions for its formatting. The closing section consisted of a short "datum" that mentioned the place of issuance, day of the month and year of the pope's pontificate on which issued, and signatures, near which was attached the seal.
For the most solemn bulls, the pope signed the document himself, in which case he used the formula "Ego N. Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopus" ("I, N., Bishop of the Catholic Church"). Following the signature in this case would be an elaboratemonogram, the signatures of any witnesses, and then the seal. In modern times, a member of theRoman Curia signs the document on behalf of the pope, usually theCardinal Secretary of State, and thus the monogram is omitted.
The most distinctive characteristic of a bull was the metal seal (bulla), which was usually made oflead, but on very solemn occasions was made ofgold, as those on Byzantine imperial instruments often were (seeGolden Bull). On theobverse it depicted, originally somewhat crudely, the early Fathers of theChurch of Rome, the apostlesSaint Peter andSaint Paul, identified by the lettersSanctusPAulus andSanctusPEtrus (thus,SPA •SPE orSPASPE). St. Paul, on the left, was shown with flowing hair and a long pointed beard composed of curved lines, while St. Peter, on the right, was shown with curly hair and a shorter beard made of dome-shapedglobetti (beads in relief). Each head was surrounded by a circle ofglobetti, and the rim of the seal was surrounded by an additional ring of such beads, while the heads themselves were separated by a depiction of a cross.[4] On thereverse was the name of the issuing pope in thenominative Latin form, with the letters "PP", forPastor Pastorum ("Shepherd of Shepherds"). This disc was then attached to the document either by cords ofhemp, in the case of letters of justice and executory letters, or by red and yellowsilk, in the case of letters of grace, that was looped through slits in thevellum of the document. The term "bulla" derives from the Latin "bullire" ("to boil"), and alludes to the fact that, whether of wax, lead, or gold, the material making the seal had to be melted to soften it for impression.
In 1535, the Florentine engraverBenvenuto Cellini was paid 50scudi to recreate the metal matrix which would be used to impress the leadbullae ofPope Paul III. Cellini retained definitive iconographic items like the faces of the two apostles, but he carved them with a much greater attention to detail and artistic sensibility than had previously been in evidence. On the reverse of the seal he added severalfleurs-de-lis, a heraldic device of the Farnese family, from which Pope Paul III descended.
Since the late 18th century, the leadbulla has been replaced with a red ink stamp of Saints Peter and Paul with the reigning pope's name encircling the picture, though very formal letters, e.g. the bull ofPope John XXIII convoking theSecond Vatican Council, still receive the leaden seal.
Original papal bulls exist in quantity only after the 11th century onward, when the transition from fragilepapyrus to the more durableparchment was made. None survives in entirety from before 819. Some original leadbullae, however, still survive from as early as the 6th century.
From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as thePapstspotbilder orPapstspottbilder,[5] byLucas Cranach, commissioned byMartin Luther.[6] "Kissing the Pope's feet";[7] German peasants respond to a papal bull ofPope Paul III. The caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears".[8][9]
The bull was the exclusive letter format from the Vatican until the 14th century, when thepapal brief appeared. The brief is the less formal form of papal communication and was authenticated with a wax impression, now a red ink impression, of theRing of the Fisherman.[12][13][14]
^abc One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Thurston, Herbert (1908)."Bulls and Briefs". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved23 July 2014.
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