TheHeidentor, originally built in the Roman fort-city ofCarnuntum in present-day Austria.
ThePannonian Limes (Latin:Limes Pannonicus;German:Pannonischer Limes) is part of the old Roman fortified frontier known as theDanubian Limes that runs for approximately 420 km (260 mi) from the Roman camp ofKlosterneuburg in theVienna Basin inAustria to thecastrum inSingidunum (Belgrade) in present-daySerbia. The garrisons of thesecamps protected thePannonian provinces against attacks from the north from the time ofAugustus (31 BC–14 AD) to the beginning of the 5th century. In places this section of the Romanlimes also crossed the river into the territory of thebarbarians (Barbaricum).
The Danubian limes was one of the most turbulent regions in the European part of theRoman Empire and, during more than 400 years of Roman rule, Pannonia was one of its most important provinces, especially after the abandonment ofDacia Traiana in 271 AD, because from that point on, the pressure ofmigrating peoples on this section of thelimes increased still further. Thelimes also had a great influence on the economic and cultural life of the civilian population because its hinterland was one of the main supply areas for the border troops and these in turn were the guarantors of the rapid Romanisation of the province.[2]
The majority of the occupying forces were stationed in camps (castra), small forts (castella), watchtowers,burgi and fortified bridgeheads that were built at regular intervals along the riverbank. In an emergency, these units were reinforced by thelegions which had their headquarters in four major military garrison towns. With its advance to the Danube, the Roman Empire became engaged in a long series of conflicts with trans-DanubianGermanic andSarmatian barbarian and migrant peoples, that finally ended in the 5th century with the collapse of the Empire in the west.
Pannonia's border changes and the locations of legion camps, deduction colonies and the Amber Road between the 1st and 4th centuries
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Kurt Genser:Der österreichische Limes in der Römerzeit. Ein Forschungsbericht [The Austrian Danube Limes in Roman times. A research report]. (dissertation) Salzburg 1982, Teil II.
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Sándor Soproni:Die letzten Jahrzehnte des pannonischen Limes [The last decades of the Pannonian Limes]. C. H. Beck, Munich, 1985,ISBN3-406-30453-2.
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Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAllister, Marian Holland, eds. (1976)."Limes Pannoniae".The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press.
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Endre Tóth:Die spätrömische Militärarchitektur in Transdanubien [Late Roman Military Architecture in Transdanubia]. InArchaeologiai Értesitő. 134, Budapest 2009.
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Frantisek Krizek:Die römischen Stationen im Vorland des norisch-pannonischen Limes bis zu den Markomannenkriegen [The Roman stations in the foreland of the Noric-Pannonian Limes up to the Marcomannic Wars]. In:Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms. Vorträge des 6. Internationalen Limeskongresses in Süddeutschland. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne/Graz, 1967, pp. 131–137.
Miroslava Mirkovic:Moesia Superior, Eine Provinz an der Mittleren Donau [Moesia Superior. A Province at the Middle Danube]. Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie, Sonderbände der Antiken Welt, Verlag Philipp v. Zabern, Mainz, 2007,ISBN978-3-8053-3782-3.
Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska:Überlegungen zu den Hauptgebäuden der pannonischen Innenbefestigungen im Kontext spätrömischer Villenarchitektur [Reflections on the main buildings of the Pannonian inner fortifications in the context of late Roman villa architecture]. pp. 233 - 242, in: Gerda v. Bülow und Heinrich Zahbelicky: (edb.)Bruckneudorf und Gamzigrad. Spätantike Paläste und Großvillen im Donau-Balkan-Raum, Files of the International Colloquium in Bruckneudorf from 15 to 18 October 2008, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn, 2011.ISBN978-3-900305-59-8.
